<p>The Zumsteinspitze   is a peak in the Pennine Alps on the border between Italy and Switzerland. It is a subpeak of Monte Rosa.</p><br>
<p>The summit lies between the Dufourspitze (to which it is joined by the Grenzsattel) and the Signalkuppe (to which it is joined by the Colle Gnifetti).</p><br>
<h2>Climbing</h2><br>
<p>On 1 August 1820 the mountain was ascended by the brothers Joseph and Johann Niklaus Vincent, Joseph Zumstein, Molinatti, Castel and some unknown porters. During the expedition they thought they had climbed the highest peak of the Monte Rosa massif, but when they reached the summit they found out there was another "highest peak": the Dufourspitze.</p><br>
<p>The Vincent brothers and Zumstein agreed to name the successfully climbed mountain "Cima de la belle Alliance", but Zumstein, forest inspector and member of the Royal Society of Science in Turin, managed to name the mountain after himself.</p><br>
<p>The first winter ascent was by E. Allegra and guides on 30 March 1902.</p><br>
<p>Aquilla Lake is an artificial lake  in Hill County, Texas, USA. The dam was constructed by the USA Army Corps of Engineers. The dam is part of the overall flood control project in the Brazos River basin. The lake is located approximately 23 mi north of Waco, Texas.</p><br>
<p>The dam was built and is owned by the USA Army Corps of Engineers. The lake is formed by an earthfill dam with a crest length of 11,890 ft and a top width of 38 ft. A reinforced concrete inlet structure near the center of dam houses the flood-control gates and operating equipment. Closure of the dam began March 20, 1982, and the dam was completed in January 1983. Deliberate impoundment began April 29, 1983. The lake was built for water supply, flood control, and recreation purposes. Figures given herein represent total contents. Data regarding the dam and lake are given in the following table (USGS data):</p><br>
<p>Recreational activities on the lake include boating, fishing, hunting, and wildlife viewing.</p><br>
<h2>Fishing</h2><br>
<p>Largemouth bass fishing can be good on Aquilla. The combination of stained water, localized cover, and light fishing pressure means there are some big bass to catch but you have to work for them. Fish spinner baits, jig and pork combos, and plastic worms in and around cover. Tree lines, fencerows, and creek channels are good places to start. Crappie are usually found on submerged brushpiles and large isolated trees. Live minnows seem to be the preferred bait. Channel and blue catfish are caught drift fishing flats or on trotlines set around shallow, brushy areas. Shad, cutbait, or bloodbait will all work. White bass are caught trolling small tailspinners, jigs, and spoons across windy flats.</p><br>
<p>The Childrens Museum of Pittsburgh is a hands-on interactive childrens museum in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It is in the Allegheny Center neighborhood in Pittsburgh&#39;s Northside.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Childrens Museum of Pittsburgh was founded in 1983 in the old Allegheny Post Office, gifted to the museum by the Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation, and is situated on Pittsburghs North Side, formerly Allegheny City. The neighboring Buhl Planetarium building was vacated by 1991 when it was superseded by the nearby Carnegie Science Center. The museum grew from a traveling mobile museum started at the Three Rivers Arts Festival in 1972, and was part of the first wave of children&#39;s museums spreading across the county at that time.</p><br>
<h3>New building</h3><br>
<p>In the early 2000s, it was announced the museum would be expanding from the old Beaux Arts-style post office into the neighboring vacant Art Deco Buhl Planetarium. A plan was devised by Koning Eizenberg Architecture, Inc. to connect the two historic structures with a modern glass addition over what was a street called Allegheny Square. The street was vacated and realigned and the addition was built.</p><br>
<p>The Children’s Museum of Pittsburgh became the largest Silver LEED certified museum in the country in March 2006. This validates that the Museum’s expansion has been designed and constructed using sustainable practices with particular attention to site development, water conservation, energy management, using recycled materials, waste management, reusing resources, indoor air quality as well as developing new programs for visitors. To offer teaching moments about the new green museum, many of the building’s structural and mechanical systems are left exposed.</p><br>
<h3>Buhl Community Park</h3><br>
<p>In 2010, officials announced plans to rehab a rundown park in front of the museum. The centerpiece of the new park will be a fog sculpture by Ned Kahn. The park opened on June 23, 2012 during a community celebration.</p><br>
<h3>Grounds</h3><br>
<p>In its seasonal "Backyard", the museum grounds includes an interactive environment called "Allegheny Waterworks" which incorporates preserved local architectural relics. Among its sculptures are reliefs of Joe Magarac and other figures, designed by sculptor Charles Keck and rescued from the Manchester Bridge when it was razed in 1970.</p><br>
<h3>Exhibits</h3><br>
<p>The Childrens Museum of Pittsburgh houses several ongoing exhibits as well as rotating exhibits. The MAKESHOP, Attic, Studio, Backyard, Garage, Garden, Theater, Waterplay, and Nursery areas are ongoing interactive exhibits and encourage touch and play. Also located within the museum are iconic items from the show Mister Rogers Neighborhood. These include the original puppets, one of Fred Rogers&#39; sweaters, and his sneakers.</p><br>
<h2>Programs</h2><br>
<p>The Childrens Museum of Pittsburgh presents a wide variety of programs for children in fields ranging from dance and rocket building to quilting and robotics. Visiting artists offer workshops in a host of media, including pottery, Japanese paper cutting, animation and painting. The Museums extensive outreach program offers performances, workshops, after school programs, artist days and festival programs for schools and groups throughout the year. Educational field trips are offered for local schools, scouts and other groups. The museum has collaborated with a number of regional institutions and programs, such as the University of Pittsburgh and the Create a Comic Project.</p><br>
<h2>Awards</h2><br>
<p>The addition has received numerous awards, including a 2009 National Medal for Museum and Library Service from the Institute of Museum and Library Services, National Trust for Historic Preservation award, LEED silver certification, and an award from American Institute of Architects.</p><br>
<p>Children’s Museum Executive Director Jane Werner received the Green Building Alliance 2006 Shades of Green Leadership Award which celebrates leaders who have helped transform the Pittsburgh region into a more sustainable place to live and work. Jane&#39;s contributions cited include launching a new program/initiative supporting green-building related activities; raising significant community awareness and outreach of green issues through materials, programs and events; and influencing the adoption of a program/policy through advocacy efforts and implementing green management and operation policies within the Children’s Museum of Pittsburgh.</p><br>
<p>The Surratt House  is a historic house and house museum located at 9110 Brandywine Road in Clinton , Prince George&#39;s County, Maryland, United States. The house is named for John and Mary Surratt, who built it in 1852. Mary Surratt was hanged in 1865 for being a co-conspirator in the Abraham Lincoln assassination. It was acquired by the Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission  in 1965, restored, and opened to the public as a museum in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Construction of the house</h2><br>
<p>The original structure was built as a middle-class plantation house in 1852. Mary Jenkins met John Harrison Surratt in 1839, when she was 16 or 19 years of age (the date of her birth is not clear) and he was 26. An orphan, John Surratt was adopted by Richard and Sarah Neale of Washington, D.C., a wealthy couple who owned a farm. Jenkins and Surratt wed in August 1840. The Surratts lived at a mill in Oxon Hill, Maryland, The area round the tavern was officially named Surrattsville in 1853. Within a short period of time, a post office was installed inside the tavern. John Surratt was the hamlets first postmaster. In 1854, John built a hotel as an addition to his tavern, and called it Surratts Hotel. Over the next few years, Surratt acquired or built a carriage house, corn crib, general store, forge, granary, gristmill, stable, tobacco curing house, and wheelwright&#39;s shop.</p><br>
<h3>House's role in the assassination of Abraham Lincoln</h3><br>
<p>John Surratt collapsed suddenly and died on either August 25 or August 26 in 1862 (sources differ as to the date). The cause of death was a stroke. On October 1, 1864, Mary Surratt took possession of the D.C. townhouse.</p><br>
<p>As part of a plot to kidnap President Abraham Lincoln in March 1865, John Surratt, Jr. his friend, George Atzerodt; and co-conspirator David Herold hid two Spencer carbines, ammunition, and some other supplies at the Surratt tavern in Surrattsville. On April 11, Mary Surratt rented a carriage and drove to her Maryland tavern. She said she made the trip to collect a debt owed her by a former neighbor. He gave her a package (later found to contain binoculars) to give to Lloyd for pick-up later that evening.</p><br>
<p>Booth and Herold stopped at the Surratt house briefly, picking up the rifles and binoculars, on their flight out of the District of Columbia after assassinating Lincoln.</p><br>
<p>Surratt was sentenced to death on June 30, 1865, for being a co-conspirator in the plot to assassinate Abraham Lincoln. She was hanged on July 7, 1865, at about 1:31 P.M.</p><br>
<h2>About the house</h2><br>
<p>It is a two-story, 19th-century wood-frame structure. It is a 40 by rectangular building with a gable roof. There are five windows on both floors in the western face of the house. A small porch with a gabled roof protects the front door. The rear (eastern side) of the house mirrors that of the front (western side). The interior of the house features a fireplace and chimney on the north and south ends of the building. A single stairway lead from the first to the second floor. The exterior of the house is clapboard, and on the north side of the house is a verandah with a skillion roof that extends the width of the house.</p><br>
<p>The Surratts built a -story addition against the south end of the building some time between 1853 and 1864. Roughly 16 by square, it featured an entrance in the southeast corner (facing east) next to a window, an interior chimney on the south side, two windows in the west face, and a root cellar door set low and at a 45-degree angle from the ground. This structure did not survive, and was rebuilt in the 1980s as part of a restoration of the house to its 1865 condition. The rebuilt addition features an exterior chimney, however.</p><br>
<p>Between 1865 and 1965, previous owners had extended the north porch so that it wrapped completely around the western facade of the house. Another owner in the early 20th century removed the porch on the eastern side of the structure and replaced with a two-story rain porch.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The house was confiscated by the federal government after Mary Surratt&#39;s conviction. It was later sold, and was privately owned until 1965. In 1939, when owned by Mrs. Ella Curtin, the structure suffered light damage in a fire.</p><br>
<p>On February 24, 1965, the Surratt House was donated to the Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission (M-NCPPC) by B. K. Miller, a longtime Clinton merchant, and his son, Thomas V. Miller. The plan at the time was to move the house to the Clinton Regional Park (now Louise F. Cosca Regional Park), but that did not happen. In 1968, the M-NCPPC paid roughly $76,000 to purchase a 1 acre plot of land beneath the house. The following year, the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development provided the M-NCPPC a $38,115 grant to help pay for the land purchase.</p><br>
<p>The Surratt House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. The house was restored by the M-NCPPC, and the restoration completed on October 2, 1975.</p><br>
<p>Citizens interested in Mary Surratt formed the Surratt Society in 1975. The Surrattsville tavern and house are a historical site run today by the Surratt Society. It is devoted to mid-19th century Maryland life and the Abraham Lincoln assassination, especially to conspiracy theories surrounding the Lincoln assassination which tend to exonerate Surratt. Some of the furniture and decorative artworks in the house are originals owned by Mary Surratt. The James O. Hall Research Center is located there.</p><br>
<p>A modern private home next to the Surratt House was acquired by the M-NCPCC, and serves as a gift shop, research center, and offices.</p><br>
<p>Seiland  is the eighth largest island in mainland Norway, located in Finnmark county. The 559 km&sup2; island is divided between the municipalities of Alta, Hammerfest, and Kvalsund.</p><br>
<p>Archeological excavations have shown that people have lived on Seiland for over 7000 years. Today, however the only people on it live in a few relatively isolated areas such as from Altneset to Hakkstabben on the southern tip of the island; Kårhamn on the northwestern side; and the Hønseby, Eidvågen, Fiskebukta, Survika areas in the northern part of the island. In 2006, the majority of central Seiland was designated as Seiland National Park.</p><br>
<p>There are two glaciers on Seiland: Seilandsjøkelen and Nordmannsjøkelen. The 1,078 m tall Seilandstuva is the tallest mountain on the island. There are a number of fjords located on the island including Lille Kufjorden, Store Kufjorden, Nordefjorden, and Jøfjorden.</p><br>
<p>The South Tahoma Glacier is a glacier located on the southwest flank of Mount Rainier in State of Washington. It covers 1.1 square miles and contains 4.6 billion ft  of ice. The smaller South Tahoma is connected to the Tahoma at an ice patch located in midway down the South Tahoma. From then on, the glacier narrows and flows down southwest and accumulates rock debris before turning and ending at an elevation of around 5,100 ft. The southern ice stream used to be connected to a northern ice stream coming down south from the Tahoma Glacier encompassing a jagged 7,690 ft high sub-peak of Rainier called Glacier Island, but retreat has separated the glaciers at an elevation below 8,000 ft. Meltwater from the glacier drains into the Nisqually River.</p><br>
<h2>Debris flows</h2><br>
<p>The glacier is one of four on Mount Rainier that are known to have released debris flows. Similar flows have stemmed from the Nisqually, Kautz, and Winthrop glaciers as well. The glacier has at least 23 recorded debris flows since 1967, with 15 reported between the years 1986 and 1992. The floods have caused damage and disruption to the roads and picnic areas downstream. In August 2015, a debris flow was caused by a glacial outburst flood when meltwater was released by the glacier. Part of the Westside Road was damaged by the debris flow.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The South Tahoma Glacier is the site of the worst accident to have occurred on the slopes of Mount Rainier. In December 1946, 32 USA Marines were killed in a Curtiss R5C Commando military aircraft when it crashed into the glacier at the 10,500 foot (3,200 m) level in what was then the worst aviation accident in USA history. While much of the wreckage and 25 bodies were located during several recovery attempts throughout the following year, only small artifacts were recovered, including several Marines&#39; medical records. The bodies and wreckage are presumably still buried in the glacier today.</p><br>
<p>Fort King George State Historic Site is a fort located in the USA state of Georgia in McIntosh County, adjacent to Darien. The fort was built in 1721 along what is now known as the Darien River and served as the southernmost outpost of the British Empire in the Americas until 1727. The fort was constructed in what was then considered part of the colony of South Carolina, but was territory later settled as Georgia. It was part of a defensive line intended to encourage settlement along the colony&#39;s southern frontier, from the Savannah River to the Altamaha River. Great Britain, France, and Spain were competing to control the American Southeast, especially the Savannah-Altamaha River region.</p><br>
<p>Fort King George was a hardship for troops assigned there. A total of 140 officers (including Col. Barnwell) and soldiers died, mostly from camp diseases such as dysentery and malaria, due to poor sanitation (none from battle). The soldiers made up The Independent Company of South Carolina, an "invalid" company of elderly British Regulars, one hundred in all, sent over from Great Britain. Their suffering was largely caused by their own poor health, and inadequate provisions due to poor funding. Problems such as periodic river flooding, indolence, starvation, excessive alcoholism, desertion, enemy threats, and potential mutiny exacerbated hardships at the fort.</p><br>
<p>The fort was a model for General James Oglethorpe when he set up his southern defense system for Georgia and established a settlement along the Altamaha River. In 1736, Oglethorpe brought Scottish colonists to settle the site of the abandoned Fort King George. They called their village New Inverness, later named Darien. That same year, Oglethorpe built Fort Frederica on Saint Simons Island. Oglethorpe borrowed extensively from ideas laid out earlier when South Carolina imperialists, such as John Barnwell, Joseph Bowdler, and Francis Nicholson, planned Fort King George as part of a defensive system.</p><br>
<p>Operated by the state of Georgia, the fort has been reconstructed and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is open to the public for historical tours. Structures include a blockhouse, officers quarters, barracks, a guardhouse, baking and brewing house, blacksmith shop, moat, and palisades. The parks museum focuses on the 18th-century cultural history of the area, including the Guale, the 17th-century Spanish mission Santo Domingo de Talaje, the fort, and the Scottish colonists. An exhibit explains the 19th-century sawmilling at the site and the remains of two sawmills and ruins. Tabby cement ruins, based on a regional building material, also can be found on the property. Site staff offers living history programs year-round.</p><br>
<h2>Background information</h2><br>
<p>For nearly 200 years before the establishment of Georgia in 1733, Europeans of various nations had struggled to claim footholds in this vast territory. At one time, it was one of the most coveted regions in all of North America. Its bountiful river systems, the Altamaha, Ogeechee, and Savannah rivers, offered valuable conduits of transportation for empire building during the Age of Mercantilism. Europeans believed they could conquer its Native American peoples. The area&#39;s coastline had a labyrinth of barrier islands, mud shoals, sandbars, and impassable rivers that afforded a great natural barrier system for whoever controlled it.</p><br>
<p>Over time, this territory would become a "debatable land" for which Europes three mightiest countries of the time: Spain, France, and Great Britain, all competed. This international rivalry brought many outcomes. First, the Spanish founded St. Augustine, Florida in 1565 to protect their shipping lanes for treasure-laden ships sailing up from South America. As the French sought newer fur trade markets in the South, and ultimately the Southeast, French Louisiana was expanded in the late 17th century down the Mississippi and into the Gulf region. To curb French encroachment from the west, and to undermine Spains traditional claims to areas north of Florida, the British colonists deemed it vital to expand and defend their southern borders, especially at the Savannah River. The resultant clash of European forces affected most of the regional Native American peoples, eventually destroying their traditional cultures and their independence.</p><br>
<p>The imperial struggle contributed in the 1720s to the establishment of Fort King George by the British, built at the headwaters of the Altamaha River, 3 mi inland from Sapelo Island. Trade was also a key aspect of founding the fort. In 2011, an old map, dated 1721 and drawn by John Barnwell, was found in the fort&#39;s storeroom. It shows two roads from the fort: one leading north and the other along the river to a Muscogee (Creek) path, the tribe who were the desired trading partners. Spain sought to protect its rich harvest of precious metals in the Americas. France and England competed for control over the lucrative fur trade with the Native Americans. Additional resources such as timber, naval stores, and cash crops were also at stake for the British.</p><br>
<p>The British built Fort King George as a step toward settling the Altamaha River region. The British needed to control the river systems in order to control economic activities and commerce in the Southeast, especially that pertaining to the fur trade. The Altamaha River is one of the largest and far-reaching rivers in the region, and it allowed passage throughout the territory, especially to the powerful tribes of the Creek/Muskogee found west of the river system. Fort King George was part of a plan by the British to control the Altamaha and to secure economic imperial superiority in the Southeast.</p><br>
<h3>Contest for empire in the Southeast</h3><br>
<p>The Spanish were the first to arrive in the Southeast, first with explorers, then with the settlement of St. Augustine in present-day Florida in 1565. They started creating a mission system, converting the Native American tribes and using them as workers for agricultural production. The city became a base so that the Spanish could protect their treasure ships carrying gold and silver from the South. They used missions to expand the Catholic faith to the numerous tribes found in the Southeast. The converted Native Americans were incorporated into the Spanish system of repartimiento. They used an indigenous labor force capable of growing surplus grains for needy colonists in the Spanish-American Empire.</p><br>
<p>By the mid-17th century, dozens of Spanish missions controlled the southeastern coastline with thousands of Native Americans drawn into and around them. This system centered on missions accompanied with troops occupying presidios. They created four mission provinces: Tumucua (interior northern Florida), Apalachee (northwestern Florida), Guale (Georgia coast north of the Altamaha River), and Mocama (from the Altamaha River south to the St. Johns River). The name Guale was possibly derived from a Native American chief of that name who was visited by Pedro Menéndez on St. Catherines Island in 1566. In that year, Menéndez established troops on that island. Santa Catalina de Guale would later become one of the largest and most productive missions by the mid-17th century.</p><br>
<p>Another successful mission was Santo Domingo de Talaje. Established sometime in the early 17th century, this mission was located on a large bluff 3 mi up the north branch of the Altamaha River. Native Americans had inhabited the bluff for thousands of years. The English later used this site as the location for Fort King George in the 1720s.</p><br>
<p>Guale was threatened by the settlement of English Carolina immediately to the north, where Charlestown was established in 1670. Through the late seventeenth century, Carolinian forces and their Indian allies were successful at destroying the Spanish mission system. Throughout the 1670s and 1680s, they attacked and destroyed missions on Saint Catherines Island, St Simons Island, Cumberland Island, and several interior missions situated close to the coast. San Joseph de Sapala on Sapelo Island was destroyed by pirates in 1683, leading to Spanish abandonment of the Guale and Mocama provinces. Likewise, the British and allied forces reduced the Apalachee mission province during the first decade of the 18th century. The surviving mission Indians retreated and aggregated farther south until their remnants were situated just north of the Saint Augustine base near the St. Johns River. During the 1680s, the Carolina colonists had effectively driven the Spanish entirely from the modern Georgia coast. This campaign intensified hostilities between the Spanish and the English. It catalyzed British interest in settling the Savannah-Altamaha River region.</p><br>
<p>Further west, the French were moving down the Mississippi and into the Gulf region. In 1699 Pierre Le Moyne dIberville founded Biloxi, and Mobile, the first capital of French Louisiana, was settled in 1702. From these bases, French fur traders planned to move eastward to incorporate regional tribes, especially the Creek, into their business enterprise. In 1718, they built Fort Toulouse at the forks of the Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers, in the heart of Creek country. This settlement, designed to take business from Carolina traders, was close to the Creek capital of Coweta. The British perceived it as a threat to their plans to control trade networks throughout the Southeast, especially among the Creek and Cherokee. The tribes geographical proximity to the Carolina colony made their stability vital. The British intended to expand their trade westward to other Southeast tribes, such as the Choctaw and Chickasaw.</p><br>
<p>In 1702, during the War of Spanish Succession, Spain and France allied against Great Britain. South Carolinians were bordered by enemies to the south and west, which intensified the competition for Native American alliances. That year, the British colonists learned of their enemies&#39; plan known as "Projet Sur La Caroline". Spanish Florida and French Louisiana allied forces intended to encircle South Carolina, especially with Native Americans. Officials in South Carolina convinced a large number of Yamasee to settle in the Beaufort, South Carolina area just north of the Savannah River basin. Good relations with the Yamasee ensured a protective buffer along the southern borders of the colony. The British also worked to maintain relations with the Creek and Cherokee tribes to the west. "Projet Sur La Caroline," while never implemented, left the South Carolina colonists with high anxiety for many years, and convinced officials of the necessity to maintain good Indian alliances.</p><br>
<p>The Yamasee War of 1715–1717 broke out. This war started because of grave injustices carried out by Carolina traders against their Native American clients. For many years the traders had been systematically cheating the Indians in the fur trade by using bogus weights and measures, applying tough credit standards, severely indebting Native American suppliers, and taking Indian slaves for unpaid debts. Finally, the Yamasee turned on South Carolina and nearly destroyed the colony. Virginia&#39;s support and Cherokee warriors helped deflect the Yamasee attacks.</p><br>
<p>After the surviving Yamasee were expelled, they migrated to the St. Augustine area and cultivated a new alliance with the Spanish. South Carolina was left weak and vulnerable with no military buffer along its southern fringes, and the war alienated the Creek tribes to the west.</p><br>
<p>Also, during this same period, a number of slaves in the colony was growing exponentially to the point that blacks outnumbered whites. The Spanish attempted to incite revolts by offering runaway slaves freedom and land in St. Augustine. They enrolled escaped slaves into the Spanish army.</p><br>
<p>In 1718, French colonists successfully attacked Pensacola, a settlement controlled by Spanish Florida. By this time, Spain and France had started the War of the Quadruple Alliance. The French success threatened Charlestown officials, who were convinced the French aimed to conquer the Southeast. They built Fort Toulouse had been built in the heart of Creek country earlier that year. The French were more active among the Creek and it appeared as though they had designs to expand further east.</p><br>
<p>Frightened and upset, the colonists finally exercised their own revolt. They rebelled against the ineffective rule of the Proprietors back in England. South Carolina, being a colony that was governed by eight proprietors from across the ocean, had suffered under a proprietary rule. The economy of the colony was hampered by runaway inflation caused by reckless economic policies and unreasonable restrictions on land ownership and trade regulation. Of graver concern were the issues related to defense. The colonists and their officials wanted greater protection from the enemies on their borders. The Proprietors were not willing to fund greater military development. In 1719, the colonists finally had enough. That year they ousted governor Robert Johnson, a proprietary governor, and chose James Moore, an outspoken opponent of the proprietary rule, as his replacement. Secondly, they sent Carolina planter John Barnwell to petition British Parliament that South Carolina become a Royal colony. It just so happened that Parliament had been taking a greater interest in the colony and the prospects of bringing it under royal dominion. Though the colony was having internal economic problems, overall it was one of the most productive in producing cash crops such as rice and indigo. Furthermore, the fur trade in the colony, creating nearly a fifth of its exports to Great Britain, was quite lucrative for merchants back in England. Finally, the Yamasee War had made many English officials realize that the preservation of South Carolina was principal in defending the British North American Empire. Without the colony and its economic activities, the empire would be significantly weakened. Therefore, the petition was granted and in August 1720, South Carolina became a royal colony, though in name only as it would be nearly a decade later until the Proprietors were truly nullified and the colony was officially taken over by the Crown in practice. Many felt Royal control would improve defensive measures for the colony. However, things did not vastly improve, though Parliament did seem receptive to newer ideas and token measures were taken to aid the colony&#39;s defense.</p><br>
<p>Colonel John "Tuscarora Jack" Barnwell had come to South Carolina in 1699 from northern Ireland. He was a man of considerable talent and leadership skills. He gained a reputation during his successful fight against the Tuscarora Indians in North Carolina in 1712. He owned a large and successful plantation in Beaufort, South Carolina. Barnwell was influential in the colony and proposed defensive measures for it. He developed a plan that became the inspiration for Georgia. It involved building a series of forts in strategic locations along South Carolinas frontiers in order to check French and Spanish expansion. These forts would serve as launching points for towns where soldiers would receive land allotments and other furnishings to facilitate settlement. The settlements would be used to expand the colonys territory and trade with the Natives.</p><br>
<p>During his visit to Parliament in 1720, Barnwell petitioned the British Board of Trade to help implement his plan. He emphasized the French threat as opposed to the Spanish one, since at the time the French seemed to be gaining considerable ground in the Southeast. Before the Board, Barnwell argued the strong possibility of a French attack on the colony and possible takeover of its southern borders, especially at the headwaters of the Altamaha River (called the River May by the French). To secure this area from French encroachment, his first proposal was for a fort to be built along the Altamaha River. The British Board of Trade approved of his plan in building this fort.</p><br>
<p>Due to the South Sea Bubble financial crisis, the British economy was in shambles. The government had minimal funds to spare and it showed in how Fort King George was operated, resourced, and funded. Barnwell requested "young, robust" soldiers to man the fort. He realized that the environment along the Altamaha would be a tough one. A long seasoning process was inevitable for the settlers and it would take time for them to adapt and properly outfit the settlement. Instead, the British sent elderly "invalids" from Colonel Feldings 41st Regiment. This Independent Company, thereafter known as His Majestys Independent Company of Foot of South Carolina, was composed of three sergeants, three corporals, two drummers, and one hundred privates, all older men well past their prime. Governor Francis Nicholson of South Carolina was commissioned Captain of the Independent Company with Barnwell later being named Colonel. Initial officers included Lt. Joseph Lambert, Lt. John Emmenes, Ensigns Thomas Merryman and John Bowdler, Robert Mason as the surgeon, with Thomas Hesketh as Chaplain. Most of the soldiers and officers, including Barnwell, perished at the fort by 1727.</p><br>
<p>With the land allotments, tools, and farming implements, the soldiers were expected to establish a new settlement around the fort. This was the first British attempt to populate the Altamaha River region. It planned to have other settlers follow to the fort. Fort King George was highly significant in that it represented the culmination of a nearly 200-year European struggle to control the Southeast. By constructing the fort, the British dominated the river and its surrounding territory. It started a diplomatic feud with the Spanish, eventually leading to war between the two nations. The feud ended with the British success at the Battle of Bloody Marsh on St. Simons Island in 1742, several years after the fort had been abandoned. Though the fort was considered a failure in the near term, it ultimately contributed to Georgia&#39;s establishment and early success.</p><br>
<h3>The Fort's construction and demise</h3><br>
<p>From the time of its construction in 1721 to its abandonment in 1727, Fort King George was beset by one miserable experience after another. When the Independent Company embarked from London in November 1720, there may have been some room for optimism among the soldiers. Each was to receive many acres of land surrounding the fort, something unimaginable in the class-driven societies of England. Additionally, they would be given cattle and seed for growing crops to develop farms. Also, resources necessary for developing new homes and farms would be available. However, such possible optimism probably soon faded beneath a very harsh reality. All the soldiers contracted scurvy on the voyage over to South Carolina. Immediately upon landing the following March, the soldiers were placed in a hospital in Port Royal, South Carolina, where they would spend time recovering throughout the remainder of that year.</p><br>
<p>Left with no troops, Colonel Barnwell&#39;s only option was to enlist Coastal Scouts and civilians to help him construct the fort. Coastal Scouts were hardened seamen whose organization dated all the way back to the early 18th century in South Carolina. They were formed to establish some semblance of a navy for the colony. Their role was akin to marines, to patrol the waterways in scout boats up and down the coast between Beaufort and St. Augustine, and engage the enemy from their boats if necessary. They were also charged with the task of provisioning outlying forts on the frontier. Many scouts may have been former pirates as South Carolina was a den for many in the 1680s and 1690s when the colony started cracking down on piracy, arresting pirates and then offering them clemency in exchange for their oath to the King and services in the colony.☃☃ Though they may have been good seamen, they were hardly good at following directions on land. Barnwell complained bitterly in his journal about all his troubles with them. He referred to them as "Continually (sic) sotting" and described them as "a wild Idle (sic) people" who were highly disobedient. In one incident, during a bout of drunkenness, one prankster scout actually picked Barnwell up and heaved him over his shoulder pretending to carry Barnwell to his boat. Instead, he dropped the colonel in the water, forcing Barnwell to lie all night in wet clothes on his boat, something Barnwell later attributed to a sickness he soon contracted. Barnwell, ill-tempered, no doubt got his revenge somehow, but the incident goes to show there was little formal discipline in the wild frontiers of South Carolina. Barnwell needed the scouts to get the fort underway, and they were noted for being highly prone toward dissension and possible mutiny. Given the proximity to St. Augustine and the likeliness of desertion Barnwell, no doubt, had to be quite a bit more tolerant than most Colonels dealing with troops on the front lines of Europe.</p><br>
<p>Though their relationship was rough, Barnwell did manage to gain some progress during construction of the fort that summer in 1721. The forts blockhouse was completed by the fall. The men had to go 3 mi upriver to find adequate cypress trees to cut for the blockhouses framework and siding. They nearly mutinied so Barnwell had to offer extra pay, and probably extra rum rations, to provide incentives for the men to go back out to cut more trees. Also, in addition to these accomplishments, Barnwell managed to sound out much of the river and charted a route down the coast to St. Simons Island. He was impressed with the obvious logistical advantage of this island and decided to propose moving the fort there. He was repeatedly denied by the legislature due to cost prohibitions.</p><br>
<p>By early 1722, the Independent Company was stationed at Fort King George. Within a year nearly half of them had died, mostly from diseases such as dysentery and malaria. The forts officers periodically intimated in letters that the men were not well motivated. They had difficulty getting the men to tend to their lots, to build fences in order to entrap roaming cattle supplied for the troops and to grow crops. A lack of development made life even more miserable. A few soldiers deserted to St. Augustine. Still, others stayed through death from the elements was nearly a certainty. By later that year the forts guardhouse was being called a hospital for "treating the sick".</p><br>
<p>Some excitement did occur periodically. In 1722 Indian agent Theophilus Hastings reported to the legislature that 170 Yamasee Indians were prepared to attack Fort King George. It seems, he indicated, that the Spanish "were playing their old game". Apparently, it was presumed that the Spanish were inciting the attack to test the fort&#39;s defensibility. Unfortunately, the records do not indicate whether or not the attack actually happened, however, if it did the fort must have survived unabated.</p><br>
<p>Later on that year, some unexpected visitors arrived at the fort. A company of "Switzers", Swiss soldiers, had deserted a settlement on the Mississippi River and had made their way to Fort King George where they sought asylum. Switzers were under the employ of the French government in their colony of Louisiana. These men were charged with the toilsome duty of digging canals and were often overworked and mistreated. This was probably the reason for their desertion. It also indicates that the French were quite aware of Britains occupation at the mouth of the Altamaha and were apparently discussing it openly among all Louisiana settlers. Interestingly, even though Carolina officials were having a hard time getting much-needed recruits at the fort, to replace the dying soldiers, they did not let all the Switzers stay there. Instead, they allowed them to "disperse themselves into the colony as they pleased". However, they did request that any skilled Switzers, up to six total, stay behind to assist with construction. One of them obviously was a skilled artist and penned one of the forts most descriptive drawings entitled, "A Plan of Fort King George at Allatamaha South Carolina". The drawing clearly displays intentions for the fort to be a triangular shaped structure with only one bastion jutting out on the northwestern side, the only direction in which the fort could most likely be attacked by land. The eastern and southern sides of the fort were fully protected by natural wetlands thus making a land assault from those directions impossible. Also, the fort was designed to include a barracks, ninety feet long and fourteen feet wide, a guardhouse, an officers’ quarters, several indigenous huts, a very impressive parapet, a house of office (privy), and a dock for the scout boat, in addition to the blockhouse discussed previously.</p><br>
<p>The Spanish had been protesting the British occupation of the Altamaha ever since Fort King George was first built. In 1724, some Spanish envoys came to address grievances over the construction of the fort. However, they were not allowed to enter Fort King George because the Governor and commanders were worried that if they were to enter and inspect, the fort&#39;s security could be compromised. As such, the envoys were diverted to Charlestown where they had to express their grievances. Though Governor Francis Nicholson welcomed them and treated them graciously, he did not accept their arguments and maintained the right of the British to settle the Altamaha River region. The Spanish were infuriated and over the next several years an intense game of diplomatic jousting ensued.</p><br>
<p>More drawings of the fort indicate that the fort was developing even though hardships seemed abundant. A 1726 drawing reveals the fort was fortified with a parapet that, in critical places, consisted of firing steps, a firing wall held against a breastwork made of earth, a palisade fence, and a moat. Fronting the river to the south, the fort was protected from naval assault by nine cannon emplacements. Each emplacement had a six-pounder cannon mounted on it. Also, several swivel guns were positioned throughout the fort, primarily around the gates. Most important, the fort was positioned on the closed end of a horseshoe-shaped bend in the river. Typical of the time period, this positioning prevented passing enemy ships a convenient firing off broadsides on the fort. Instead, all ships would have to approach the fort bow (nose) first, thus making it harder for enemy sailors to position the boat sideways so as to fire through cannon ports at the fort. The fort was by all appearances a standard "pallisado" fort very typical of the type built on frontiers during the time period. They were primarily designed to be temporary until something more substantial could be built. Such forts, made from earthen materials and indigenous wood, were very practical for frontier defense as the materials were relatively easy to gather and transport to site. Also, these fortifications could easily be repaired if damaged, as materials were relatively available and indigenous to the area.</p><br>
<p>In 1724, Colonel Barnwell died at his plantation in Beaufort due to failing health, probably brought on by hardships during his tenure at the fort. Earlier, he had been declared to be Governor of the territory in addition to being the forts commander. Though his dreams of seeing South Carolina bounded by a barrier of defensive settlements had been initiated, by the time of his death the reality of its successful fruition seemed bleak. Though dead, his legacy lived on later through General James Oglethorpe who borrowed heavily from Colonel Barnwells ideas.</p><br>
<p>In late 1725 or early 1726, the fort burned under mysterious circumstances. It was suggested by the fort&#39;s reporting officer, Capt. Edward Massey, that the men stationed there may have been responsible for it, or at least, they did not rush to put the fires out "in hopes by the destruction of the Fort (sic) they should be delivered from the Miseries (sic) they had so long suffered." The soldiers probably desperately wanted to go back home or anywhere but Fort King George, three days away from Beaufort. If this was the case, their wishes did not come true. The fort was ordered rebuilt, this time with inferior cypress deal planking. Life did not improve.</p><br>
<p>Finally, in 1727, British Parliament ordered that Fort King George be abandoned and that the Independent Company be moved to Port Royal, South Carolina. In all, one hundred and forty soldiers and officers lost their lives at the fort, probably mostly from the diseases. The forts officer, Lt. Emmenes, writing the justification of the forts evacuation, set the unwholesome climate and the ineffectiveness of the forts location. He stated that the fort would be no more useful to the safety of the colony if it had been "placed in Japan." Writing with a clear hint of indignation, Massey complained about the poor provisions and indicated grave concern that the men may mutiny if "they have no hopes of being relieved." Also, the fort was prone to periodic flooding which worsened conditions. Yamasee Indian raids were still occurring along the southern borders thus illustrating the failure of Fort King Georges intent to secure the southern border.</p><br>
<p>Six years after its establishment the fort was abandoned with two lookouts left behind. South Carolina colonists and officials were gravely disappointed and even more so alarmed by the diplomatic sensitivities it had flared. Until Georgia was settled, expansionists were determined to re-establish some settlement on the Altamaha. By 1730, the issue of southern border defense had become an even more vexing and contentious one. Around this time, Governor Robert Johnson ordered that several towns be settled along the Altamaha in order to maintain Britains claim to the area. Also, the South Carolina legislature relayed desires to have another fort or settlement built along the Altamaha. However, these measures never came to fruition. The demise of Fort King George once again brought an increase in anxieties over South Carolinas security.</p><br>
<p>Though the outlook may have seemed disappointing, there were a few silver linings. Fort King George actually did serve the colony well, not for its effectiveness, because it was largely ineffective, but for what it taught British imperialists. First, the hardships suffered by the Company of "Invalids" at Fort King George taught imperialists the necessity of peopling the Altamaha with a young, tough, and hardy people. It was a harsh, dangerous environment that could not be tamed by the weak-of-heart or faint-in-design. Settlers there would have to be able to withstand a harsh seasoning period. Also, being so far removed from civilization, Altamaha settlers would have to be thrifty, self-reliant, and industrious. Furthermore, these people would need incentives to develop a strong settlement and establish the industry. Secondly, diplomatic entanglements with the Spanish over Fort King George shifted much focus away from the French and problems of western defense, and more toward defenses on the southern frontier. As such, there was a greater focus on protecting the colony with fortresses and settlements along the coastal area, especially the barrier islands and their surrounding inlets. This is why General Oglethorpe later borrowed from Barnwells idea for a fort to be built on St. Simons Island, where Fort Frederica, Oglethorpes military base, was constructed in 1736. Additionally, he added forts and settlements near Skidaway Island, near the mouth of the Ogeechee River, near the headwaters of the Altamaha, on Cumberland Island, and on Amelia Island. This coastal defense system was instrumental in the eventual successful defense of Georgia under Spanish attack in the 1740s. As such, the struggles and failures of Fort King George showed future empire builders a better way of defense, thus lending much credit to them for heeding the old adage, "those who do not learn from history are destined to repeat it." Oglethorpe and his fellow Georgians did not repeat the mistakes made in the handling of Fort King George, though they did largely stick to a similar plan of defense. However, the plan was implemented with a much more effective, well-planned, and well-supported strategy.</p><br>
<h3>Fort King George's legacy for Georgia</h3><br>
<p>During Fort King Georges existence and demise, the South Carolina Legislature, Governor, and other imperialists started developing other alternatives for defending the colonys vulnerable southern border. During the 1720s, a Swiss gentleman, entrepreneur, and colonial adventurer Jean-Pierre de Pury started planning for a settlement of Swiss colonists in the area between the Savannah and Altamaha Rivers. Proclaiming its location to be in the Earths ideal climate region, near 33 degrees latitude, he proposed that the name of the colony be Georgia. Though this settlement looked quite promising at first, it fell apart at the last moment due to a lack of adequate funding and support from the Proprietors. Eventually, however, Purry would settle Purrysburg, but it would be after Georgias founding, and it was positioned north of the Savannah River rather than south of it. However, though the project did fail, it was successful in drawing greater attention throughout England to the area and proved especially enticing to English philanthropists looking to provide some sort of refuge for poor debtors.</p><br>
<p>From these two interests, the idea Georgia was spawned. Once a group of Trustees was formed, they decided to use debtor-prisoners to people the colony of Georgia, which was to be nestled in the Savannah-Altamaha River region, formerly known as the Margravate of Azilla, based upon a previously failed settlement scheme in 1717. This would allow them to escape the misfortune of Britain&#39;s harsh penal code and poverty, and to start over in a new land while simultaneously serving a valuable function for the British Crown. However, by the time recruitment efforts were complete, and the ships were loaded for the voyage to Georgia, not a single colonists was in debt. In fact, most were middle-class artisans and craftsmen whose interests in starting life new abroad was so great, the earlier plan for a debtors’ colony ended up being quite changed. Nevertheless, the colony was to be established as a haven for citizen-soldiers whose primary purpose was in defending the empire, while simultaneously contributing to her mercantilist economy as well with the production of cash crops, timber, furs, and naval stores. Lawyers were forbidden, for obvious reasons, as were, for security reasons.</p><br>
<p>The colony had many early growing pains that included a harsh seasoning period when many settlers died, struggles over whether to admit slaves, conflicts with South Carolina over fur trading rights, and disputes over everything from legalization of rum consumption to land rights. Still, Oglethorpe was quite adept at using his Native American neighbors to facilitate the colonys initial success. He was also quite savvy at using the previous history as a guide. Oglethorpe knew he had to establish a successful settlement on the Altamaha and the surrounding areas. In 1735 he had Captain George Dunbar visit the ruins of Fort King George. Though his report on the site is vague (it only talks about surveyor lines being laid out, probably done so by the soldiers earlier at Fort King George), Oglethorpes later actions demonstrate his unhappiness with the site. Oglethorpe ordered the Highlanders to land at "Barnwells Bluff", but later moved the settlement about 1 mi farther up-river, probably due to the periodic flooding of the bluff and its proximity to the marsh, something attributable to malaria outbreaks in this time period Also, though it is not stated in records, it stands to reason that Oglethorpe was familiar with the earlier hardships endured at Fort King George. He may even have read Barnwells journal and other records indicating the difficulties of settling the site on the Altamaha. The intense climate and harsh natural surroundings along the Altamaha, coupled with history, compelled Oglethorpe to seek a resilient group of people to settle the area. Also, he knew he had to use good logistics in how he established his fortification system along this vast stretch of coast, and that the Altamaha settlement would be a crucial cornerstone of his system.</p><br>
<p>The Georgia coast was as geologically unique in the early 18th century as it is to this day. Approximately one-third of all marshlands found on the east coast lie in coastal Georgia, which dips away from the continental shelf considerably farther than any other section of eastern North America. This produces a funnel effect that causes Georgia&#39;s coastline to ensure a greater concentration of tidal waters. The results are excessive fluctuations in tides, sometimes as high as 10 to 12 feet. Over years, this dramatic tidal shift has produced dynamic currents that have created a labyrinth of rivers, inlets, shoals, sounds, and sandbars contained behind ever-changing barrier islands. From a military perspective, due to its geographical complexity, the Georgia coast is the ideal place to build a defensive system.</p><br>
<p>This is exactly why Oglethorpe was very careful in the people he chose to settle and defend the Altamaha. Oglethorpes military experience and training had taught him that Scottish Highlanders were among the toughest people in the world. For generations, they had forged a livelihood out of the mountainous ranges of the Highlands with its rocky, stubborn soils, and cruel weather patterns. The Scots had been united with the English into the United Kingdom since the Act of Union in 1707 however it was hardly a relationship of equals. Scottish people over many centuries had endured many cases of abuse from the English. When they werent being exploited at home, Scottish troops were often hired mercenaries used to fight British wars abroad. With their broadswords, targes (pronounced targe, and used as a hand shield), and their dirks, they were the finest hand-to-hand combatants in the world. Though clannish, often insular, and politically unstable at home, the Scots were a force to be reckoned with on the battlefield, a perfect ingredient for frontier defense in the wildernesses along the Georgia coast where conventional warfare was not going to be the norm.</p><br>
<p>Thus, in late 1735 Oglethorpe sent Captain Dunbar and Lt. Hugh MacKay to the Highlands of Scotland to recruit potential settlers for Georgias Altamaha frontier settlement. Many Scots were eager to come. Home life was rough due to English oppression and a feudal system that tied many Scottish families to small unproductive lands with limited opportunities, but North America offered plenty of hope. To lure them, the Trustees offered each family 50 acre allotments, something most Scotsmen never even dreamed of owning in their homeland. Also, recruiters told the Scots each man would be armed with a firelock, a broadsword, and an axe. Recently, the English had passed laws disarming the Scots and making it unlawful for them to bear their traditional weapons. They were also to be given cattle, farming implements, and seed for crops. 177 Scots boarded the Prince of Wales in November 1735, en route to their new home in Georgia. Of these, most came from the Inverness area and were a part of the Chattan Confederation. They consisted of McIntoshes, McDonalds, MacBeans, MacKays, Frasers, Forbes, Clarks, Baillies, Cameron, and a host of other traditional Highland clan names. They disembarked at Savannah in early January 1736, and a short time later made their way to the new settlement on the Altamaha. Their settlement began at "Barnwells Bluff", near the old ruins of Fort King George. Oglethorpe visited the site the following February and was informed that the Scots had chosen to name their town Darien. This was to honor the previous Scottish settlement of Darien that had occurred earlier on the Isthmus of Panama in 1695, only to be subsequently destroyed by the Spanish. On his visit, Oglethorpe dressed in the traditional Highland kilt to show his respect for the Scots. As an additional show of respect, he refused comfortable sleeping quarters and preferred to sleep with the Highlander men out under a large oak tree. One other issue probably addressed by Oglethorpe at this time was related to the place of settlement. He clearly must not have liked Lower Bluff where old Fort King George once was and at some point, he ordered the Scots to move their town further up the bluff (the modern-day site of the Darien bridge).</p><br>
<p>By the end of 1736, the Scots had moved their town and it began to thrive. Though there were definitely hardships along the way, the Scots of Darien went on to be Georgias most useful settlers. In the ensuing years, they were integral in establishing a timber industry in Georgia as thousands of feet of lumber were shipped down the Altamaha River and processed at sawmills in Darien. Also, key Scottish figures in Georgia were instrumental in establishing better trade relations with the Creek Native Americans. There were numerous other commercial and social contributions given by the Scots at Darien. However, their most crucial role was that of a military nature. When the Spanish invaded Georgia out of Florida in July 1742, it was the Scots of Darien who were instrumental in defeating the Spanish at the Battle of Bloody Marsh on St. Simons Island, July 7, 1742. This successful battle helped bring to an end the struggle for empire in the Southeast and worked to cement Great Britains hold on the area, as the Spanish never again really posed a serious threat to Georgia.</p><br>
<p>Over the next many generations, the Scots of Darien branched out into other frontiers of North America. Today, many families of Scottish ancestry owe their existence in the United States to those Scots who came to Darien, Georgia, a major gateway of Scottish settlement in the colonial era.</p><br>
<p>All these developments were made possible through the idea and existence of Fort King George. It served in some way as a blueprint toward the successful defense of Georgia, and consequently, inspired an economy and commerce that lent itself tremendously toward the colonys early success. Much of the colonys early structures were built out of cypress and yellow pine cut from swamps along the Altamaha River. This industry in timber became a staple element of Georgias economy throughout the colonial period and on into the 20th century. It is rather ironic though that Fort King George had to fail in order for Georgia to succeed. It was the lessons wrought from experiences at the frontier fort that helped guide Oglethorpe in his defensive efforts of the colony. Also, had Fort King George succeeded, the colony of South Carolina would have been expanded to the Altamaha River and South Carolina would have progressed from there, leaving little reason or justification for the colony of Georgia. Of even greater import are the lessons Fort King George taught about the type of settlers necessary on the Georgia frontier. When Oglethorpe and the Trustees developed plans for the colony, they envisaged a colony of citizen-soldiers whose dual roles of defense and development would achieve success. Though they did serve as soldiers, it was the early colonists’ role as citizens that counted most toward the growth of the colonys commerce and economy. Families, as opposed to soldiers alone, proved more likely to develop a devout personal interest in defending their new home, especially as the economy developed and homesteads were established. Finally, the town of Darien owes its origins to Fort King George. The site is where the town and its sawmilling tradition began. Without Fort King George in the 1720s, the history of Darien may have been altogether different, or perhaps even non-existent.</p><br>
<h2>Fort King George State Historic Site development</h2><br>
<p>For nearly two centuries after its evacuation, little was written about or known of Fort King George. Occasionally, there are references to a "Barnwells Bluff", "Old Fort", or "First Landing", in the records, but Fort King George seemed to have faded into history. In the early 20th century there was groundbreaking research into the early history of the state, and much work was published about the early struggles for empire in the colonial era. In 1929 historian Verner Crane published his monumental book, The Southern Frontier, which comprehensively covered the period from 1670 to 1732. Other works, such as Herbert Bolton and Mary Rosss The Debatable Land helped shed light on the military struggles of the Southeast during the colonial period. Also, a plethora of articles on Georgias early colonial struggles were written during this period. Cranes work about the contentious southern frontier was the first to describe the context for Fort King George and Barnwell&#39;s scheme of settling the Altamaha River region.</p><br>
<p>Sometime in the 1930s, Dariens local historian Bessie Lewis, then a history teacher, read Cranes monumental work. She made many trips to Charleston to study British Public Records for information about the former Fort King George. Lewis, or "Miss Bessie", as the locals fondly called her, discovered extensive material about the fort, including vital written records, descriptions, account ledgers, and several drawings with geographical details. This guided her in trying to locate the original site of the fort. Archeological excavations conducted later helped substantiate her claims. During the first excavations on the site in the 1940s, more than one dozen soldiers&#39; graves were uncovered.</p><br>
<p>Miss Bessie and other locals organized the Fort King George Association and worked to have the site developed for a state historic site. In 1949, the state acquired the fort site from the Sea Island Company, a development organization. The Association envisioned a site with a museum and reconstructed replica of Fort King George, but little development took place. In the 1950s, the state installed a monument and headstones in the soldiers’ cemetery and a few picnic tables. The Association continued to lobby for reconstruction of the fort.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1960s, the Georgia Historical Commission acquired the site. Money was allotted for building a museum in 1967, and Fort King George Historic Site became a reality. In 1972, the site was taken over by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources (DNR) - the Parks, Recreation, and Historic Sites Division. In 1987, the site manager Ken Akins and the Lower Altamaha Historical Society teamed up in a drive to raise money to reconstruct the forts blockhouse. With a matching fund from the DNR, the forts reconstructed blockhouse was completed and dedicated in fall 1988. It was the center of the site&#39;s activities and programs until development in the late 1990s.</p><br>
<p>Georgia State Senator Renee Kemp, from 1999 to 2002, helped gain several hundred thousand dollars in capital investment for the site to reconstruct the forts enlisted soldiers’ barracks, guardhouse, and officers’ quarters. Site staff re-constructed the forts firing walls and firing steps. Over the years, site staff has added various other features. In 2004, with the installation of the fort&#39;s front and back gates, the fort was officially declared to be entirely reconstructed, something Miss Bessie had dreamed of more than five decades earlier but not lived to see.</p><br>
<p>Fort King George Historic Site has become one of Georgia&#39;s premier tourist attractions, with more than 30,000 visitors annually. Site personnel provide a wide range of living history programs dealing with Colonial Life and Military Science.</p><br>
<p>Thal Ghat  is a ghat section  in the Western Ghats near the town of Kasara in Maharashtra. The Thal Ghat is located on the busy Mumbai–Nashik route, and is one of the four major routes, rail and road routes, leading into Mumbai. The railway line, which passes through the ghat is the steepest in India with a gradient of 1 in 37.</p><br>
<h2>Thul Ghat (Rail)</h2><br>
<p>Thul Ghat (incline) is a series of mountain slopes in the Western Ghats traversed by the Bhusawal-Kalyan line. From Kalyan to Kasara, the line covers a length of 42 mi and rises to an altitude of 948 ft above sea level at Kasara. The next section from Kasara to Igatpuri is 9.5 mi across Thul Ghat and within that distance the line rises from 948 ft to 1,918 ft the gradient in the section being 1:37. The line negotiates this steep incline with the help of curves. The Ehegaon viaduct along this line is 719 ft long and 180 ft high. According to IRFCA, “The viaduct is situated in a steep valley nestling in the midst of hills that skirt around it in the tunnels and then is carried across the yawning chasm on a tall imposing structure… Some of the viaducts and tunnels on this line are considered outstanding achievements in Civil Engineering and are among the finest works in the world.”</p><br>
<p>Till early-2007 Direct Current (DC) was used to pull trains in this sector. on 2007-05-25, the first Alternating Current (AC) 4,800 tonne goods train was hauled through this region. AC has a traction of 25,000 volts as compared to 1,500 volts of DC. When it was under Direct Current 58 wagon trains used to be detached into two separate units, and lugged separately. Now six AC locomotives pull the entire train. Winding around the railway line is National Highway 3.</p><br>
<h2>Road</h2><br>
<p>During much of the nineties and before, Kasara Ghat was notorious for fatal road accidents. However, since April 2009, owing to creation of separate 2-lane roads in the Ghat for each direction (under the Nashik-Mumbai Highway 4-laning project), driving through the Ghat is a breeze as head traffic is absent. In fact, the Nashik-Mumbai direction of the Ghat is something motorists might even look forward to driving on because of the flat, winding tar road.</p><br>
<p>Lost Creek Lake is a reservoir located on the Rogue River in Jackson County, Oregon, United States. The lake is impounded by William L. Jess Dam which was constructed by the USA Army Corps of Engineers in 1977 for flood control and fisheries enhancement. The lake and dam were the first completed elements of the multi-purpose Rogue River Basin Project, consisting of Lost Creek Lake, Applegate Lake and the Elk Creek project. The lake is located approximately 27 mi  northeast of Medford.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction of Lost Creek Dam began in 1972 and was completed in 1977. In 1996, the Congress renamed Lost Creek Dam, along with the adjoining intake structure, in honor of William L. Jess, one of the founders of the Rogue Basin Association, which was established in 1955. Jess was a strong advocate for the construction and multiple use of the impounded waters.</p><br>
<p>The primary purpose of the dam is flood control and is operated in conjunction with Applegate Dam to regulate water flows down the river as well as to impound water for summer use. The dam is an earthfill structure with a gated spillway and contains two hydroelectric generating units with a total capacity of 49 megawatts. The hydroelectric plant has a rated flow capacity of 2,600 ft3/s. The technologically advanced and unusual intake tower regulates water temperature by combining lake water from different depths in a mixing chamber before releasing it downstream. This serves to cool the normally warm summer water of the Rogue River, which improves conditions for fish migration and survival. The dam is 3,750 ft long, 327 ft high, with the top of the dam at an elevation of 1,882 ft above mean sea level (MSL).The river below the dam is a popular area for easy rafting and tubing in the summer when the water is relatively warm. Joseph H. Stewart State Recreation Area is located along the southern shore of the lake. Casey State Park is located on the Rogue River below the dam.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Lost Creek Lake is located 37 miles northeast of Medford, OR, off of highway 62. The lake has been a popular recreational site for southern Oregonians since its construction in the 70&#39;s. Outdoor enthusiasts of all kinds find amusement in the lake and on its surrounding land. With average rainfall the lake is around 3,430 acres and 280 feet in depth, providing plenty of area for summertime watersports such as boating, skiing, wake boarding, tubing, and jet-skiing. The Lost Creek Lake is a popular year round spot for trout and small mouth bass fishing. A 20-mile trail along the lakeshore can be used by hikers or mountain bikers. This trail runs through the Joseph H. Stewart State Park, which is a popular camping destination, offering 150+ sites with electrical hookups for RVs and Campers, as well as 50 tent sites with water. Public bathrooms and showers are also available in the campground, as well as a RV dump station. Two boat landings are located off of the lakes shores, one of which is part of the Joseph H. Stewart State Park. The state park boat landing is located next to the Lost Creek Marina. In addition to boat storage and rentals, the marina features on water fueling, a bait and tackle shop, and a small store and restaurant.</p><br>
<p>Applicable fishing regulations and information can be found at the.</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<h2>Fish hatchery</h2><br>
<p>Cole Rivers Hatchery is located on the Rogue River, 30 miles northeast of Medford, Oregon, on Highway 62, about 1⁄2 mile downstream of Lost Creek Dam. The site is at an elevation of 1,545 feet above sea level at 42.6635&deg; latitude, -122.6849&deg; longitude. The hatchery land covers 58 acre.</p><br>
<p>The US Army Corps of Engineers constructed the hatchery in 1973 to mitigate impacts to salmon spawning and rearing areas blocked by the construction of the Lost Creek, Applegate, and Elk Creek Dams (the latter was never constructed). The Hatchery was named in honor of Cole M. Rivers, a biologist on the Rogue River for 20 years. The facility is used for adult collection, spawning, egg incubation and rearing of spring chinook, coho, summer steelhead, and winter steelhead, and egg incubation and rearing of fall chinook and rainbow trout.</p><br>
<p>The Frank W. Thomas House is a historic house located at 210 Forest Avenue in the Chicago suburb of Oak Park, Illinois, United States. The building was designed by architect Frank Lloyd Wright in 1901 and cast in the Wright-developed Prairie School of Architecture. By Wright&#39;s own definition, this was the first of the Prairie houses - the rooms are elevated, and there is no basement. The house also includes many of the features which became associated with the style, such as a low roof with broad overhangs, casement windows, built-in shelves and cabinets, and ornate fireplaces. Tallmadge & Watson, a Chicago firm that specialized in the Prairie School, remodeled the house in 1924.</p><br>
<p>On September 14, 1972, the Frank Thomas House was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Chateau de Mores in Medora, North Dakota, United States, is a historic home built by the Marquis de Mores in 1883 as a hunting lodge and summer home for his family and guests. The home is now part of the 128 acre Chateau de Mores State Historic Site, which also includes Chimney Park and de Mores Memorial Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Marquis was a French aristocrat and entrepreneur who came to the Dakota badlands in 1883 to establish a new kind of cattle operation. He planned to slaughter and cold pack his cattle and ship it east in refrigerated rail cars. The slaughterhouse was built in the town which the Marquis founded and named for his wife, Medora Marie Von Hoffman. Medora was named for her aunt, the second wife of Samuel Cutler Ward. She was also the granddaughter of John Randolph Grymes and his wife Suzette Claiborne, who was also the third wife of Gov. William C.C. Claiborne. He built many structures in the town for those he employed in his operations, including St. Marys Catholic Church. For three years the small town bustled, but in 1886 the operation collapsed due to drought, competition from meat packers back east, and the Marquis own lack of business experience, and the plant was abandoned. The Marquis and his family returned to Europe, but left behind a small town rife with the flavor and romanticism of the American Old West.</p><br>
<p>The chateau was occupied seasonally by the family for only three years from 1883 to 1886. During the harsh winter months they would go to France, returning again in spring. After 1886 the Marquis visited the chateau twice, in 1887 and 1889, while Medora and their children visited only once more in 1903 after the Marquis&#39; death, at which time she spent six weeks there.</p><br>
<p>From this time on the house was maintained by caretakers. They would ready the house for occupation in the spring but the family never returned. The eldest son gave the caretakers permission to operate the chateau as a boarding house in 1921. During this period the house suffered from theft and lack of maintenance.</p><br>
<p>The home and the land on which it sat was given to the state of North Dakota in 1936 on the condition that it be maintained and opened to the public. It was restored from 1937 to 1941 by the Civilian Conservation Corps and again in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Chateau de Mores is currently operated as a museum by the State Historical Society of North Dakota. It is open to the public with guided tours available. Its features include reproduced carpets and wallpaper and authentic artifacts, along with period furniture. A permanent exhibit focuses on the Marquis de Mores, who built the house, and changing exhibit galleries include displays of art, culture and history.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The chateau itself is a two-story 26-room wood frame building. The house is not a true chateau but was given the name by locals. While rough by aristocratic standards it was considerably more luxurious than most contemporary homes built by Dakota settlers, which were mostly constructed of sod or logs.</p><br>
<p>The Calore Lucano  is a river in Campania,</p><br>
<p>southern Italy, whose course is entirely included in the province of Salerno, within Cilento, for a total of about 63 km. It is an important left tributary of the Sele. In ancient times it was known as Calor.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>It rises in the northern slopes of Monte Cervati, in the Apennine Mountains and flows through the Parco nazionale del Cilento e Vallo di Diano. For long reaches it flows between high rocky walls, as near Laurino or in the gorge of Monte Pescorubino, between the localities of Magliano Vetere and Felitto.</p><br>
<p>It empties into the Sele not far from the ancient city of Paestum.</p><br>
<p>The Calore is one of the few rivers in Europe in which the European otter still lives.</p><br>
<p>Lappkärret is a small lake in Norra Djurgården in north-eastern Stockholm, Sweden, near Stockholm University. It is one of six lakes in Djurgården, the others being: Lillsjön, Uggleviken, Isbladskärret, Laduviken, and Spegeldammen.</p><br>
<p>Through its location in the Royal National City Park, it is considered as a lake of great recreational value, especially popular among ornithologists and frequently used in classes at the University of Stockholm located nearby. As the name implies, it used to be a marsh until construction works for the student apartments at Lappkärrsberget punctured a subsoil spring in the 1960s. Today, the lake empties into the strait Lilla Värtan through a culvert and forms part of a proposed nature reserve in Norra Djurgården.</p><br>
<h2>Catchment area</h2><br>
<p>Most of the catchment area is composed of open fields and areas of spruce and deciduous forest, with a single trafficked road passing west of the lake. Next to a group of nearby allotment-gardens is a 4-H farmyard with horses and sheep.</p><br>
<h3>Environmental influence</h3><br>
<p>Most of the inflow is believed to come from subsoil water with some contribution from stormwater and snow-melting. Local land usage produces small amounts of nutrients and no conduits guides surface water to the lake. The lake is alkali and saliferous with high levels of oxygen, phosphorus, and phosphate, but low levels of inorganic nitrogen. Notwithstanding various levels of chlorophyll, water transparency exceeds the depth of the lake and pH is reported as constant.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>In the mid-1980s, isolated occurrences of rigid hornwort had established in the lake, and, by the mid-1990s, abundant quantities of other aquatic plants such as ivy duckweed and the liverwort Riccia fluitans, were reported along open edges of the lake. During that decade, submarine vegetation covered the entire lake bed which greatly cleared up the lake. In the mid-1980s, the only fauna reported was sparse occurrences of larvae and non-biting midges. Within ten years, however, the fauna had evolved considerably, probably due to the rich vegetation, to include Oligochaeta, gasteropods, and dragonfly larvae and today also the dragonfly species Aeshna osiliensis, common winter damselfly, and several others.</p><br>
<p>The only fish in the lake is crucian carp, probably introduced in the early 1980s. Attempts have been made to reduce the population with various results. In the mid-1970 a colony of black-headed gulls together with Slavonian grebe, mallard, little grebe, and gadwall. The black-headed gull is a key species, offering protection to other species, and has now abandoned the lake which is, however, still considered as of great importance to bird life with several species still breeding there. Several protected species of amphibians can be seen by the lake, including common frog, common toad, moor frog, and smooth newt.</p><br>
<h2>Visiting</h2><br>
<p>Both the lake and the surrounding national park is easily accessible by metro, bus, bicycle, or by foot. The nearest metro station is Universitetet and bus 50 stops nearby.</p><br>
<p>The Sausal is a small mountain range in the southwestern parts of Austria&#39;s state Styria. It thrusts up from the northern banks of the Sulm valley, west of the district town of Leibnitz. Its highest point, the summit of the Demmerkogel, rises 671 m above the level of the Adriatic Sea. Large parts of the Sausal have a mediterranean-type microclimate. Together with the rich soil this is the basis of its extensive vineyards, which are the cornerstone of the local economy. Tourism flourishes as well.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Although the privileged climatic situation would have suggested early human habitation in the Sausal mountain range, archeological finds were spurious until late 2004 when preparatory work for a new vineyard on a terrace at the Spiegelkogel mountain near St. Nikolai im Sausal uncovered the remains of an urnfield culture village, and much better preserved late neolithic construction traces below it. Archaeologists now associate this older Copper age settlement with the Lasinja culture.</p><br>
<p>The name Sausal first appeared as Susil in 970, when emperor Otto I assigned a strip of territory between the Sulm and the Laßnitz rivers to the Archbishop of Salzburg. This is supposed to be derived from Latin (silva Solva, i.e., the "forest at the Sulm river"). During these early medieval times the steep hills were completely forested, awash with deer and boar, and ideal for hunting.</p><br>
<p>The Bavarian immigrants colonizing the area had found the mountain range almost uninhabited, as it perhaps had been throughout Roman times, only with small Slavic settlements scattered in its larger valleys. They immediately began to convert much of the dense forests to cultured land, and started to grow wine. By the 12th century, peasants routinely paid large parts of their taxes in various viniculture products. Salzburg nobility founded a number of estates (some of which exist even today) to exert some control over the wildlife and the hunting operations.</p><br>
<h2>Local culture and economy</h2><br>
<p>Forestry, hunting and wine culture essentially defined local life for the following centuries. This continued after 1595 when Salzburg&#39;s archbishop Wolf Dietrich gave the town of Leibnitz and the eastern part of the Sausal mountain range to the bishop of Seckau. Wine culture peaked in the 17th century and slowly retreated until the late 20th century. Today, only the municipalities of Kitzeck and St. Andrä-Höch rely mainly on wine. Most recently however, several new vineyards have been planted on the southern and western slopes of the Sausal.</p><br>
<p>A local peculiarity (though also found in other wine-growing areas of the region) is the Klapotez, a traditional wooden contraption which remotely resembles a windmill from the North American plains, and is intended to scare birds away.</p><br>
<p>The local microclimate, with winter frosts relatively rare and mild, allows figs and sometimes even kiwifruit to ripen in particularly protected places. The sweet chestnut, a warmth-adapted tree, grows abundantly in the wild.</p><br>
<p>Recently, the hillsides have become an attractive residential area for the more affluent strata of society in Styria&#39;s southern parts. Weekend domiciles also proliferate, not always in perfect harmony with the landscape.</p><br>
<h2>Saint Theresa's Chapel</h2><br>
<p>The Theresienkapelle, a large chapel built in 1834 and named after St. Teresa of Ávila (although it is dedicated to the Virgin Mary) is located on one of the most prominent summits in the steeper Southern part the Sausal mountain range. From its exposed site it offers an impressive panoramic view across the upper Sulm valley. On occasion of its total refurbishment in 2002 the chapel was adorned with a fresco by Franziska Ceski von Ferrari depicting Virgin Mary as the mother of Jesus sitting in a vineyard, with St. Catherine of Siena to her right and St. Thérèse of Lisieux to her left.</p><br>
<h2>Villages in the Sausal mountains</h2><br>
<p>The wine-growing village Kitzeck, which is uniquely situated high upon the hills and on clear days offers a beautiful vista far into the countryside, is a particularly popular tourist site. Its top-class restaurants and taverns are favorite meeting locations for business people and politicians.</p><br>
<p>Other notable places include:</p><br>
<p>St. Nikolai im Sausal</p><br>
<p>Sankt Andrä im Sausal</p><br>
<p>Siri Waterfall, formerly called Santa Maria Waterfall, is a 120 metre high waterfall located about 3 km inland from the eastern coast of the island of Gaua in northern Vanuatu.</p><br>
<p>The supply of water to the waterfall is from Lake Letas. This lake is a large freshwater lake located in the crater at the centre of the volcanic island, about 600 meters above sea level. Water flows from the lake 3 km east to the top of Siri Waterfall. After the waterfall, the water flows as a large stream, called Mbe Solomul River (formerly Namang), for another 3 km before it reaches the sea. The large stream is known as "Big Water".</p><br>
<p>A rough estimate of the water flow rate (during the dry season month of August 2006) was approximately 5 cubic metres per second.</p><br>
<p>Lake Letas is the largest lake in Vanuatu, located in the center of the volcanic island of Gaua of the Banks Islands in northern Vanuatu. The place submitted an application to be considered an UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004.</p><br>
<p>The lake is U-shaped, surrounding Mount Gharat on all sides except southwest. It is about 9 km long (north to south) and about 6 km wide, with an area of 19 km². It is situated in the center of the 20 km diameter island; the lake rests 418 meters above sea level and it is 119 meters deep. It is a fresh water lake with a temperature of 32° Celsius, where only eels and shrimps can survive. The water in the lake is not very clear, but has a greenish color. Water constantly flows out of the lake at a natural overflow located on the eastern side of the lake. The water flows about 3 km east to Siri Waterfall and then another 3 km through rivers Namang or Be Solomul before it reaches the sea.</p><br>
<p>Local people say there is a canoe at the top of the lake which is used to cross the lake from the eastern side to get to Mount Gharat. The canoe is sometimes located on the eastern edge of the lake (near the water overflow), or sometimes on the north-eastern edge of the lake (nearest Gaua Airport).</p><br>
<p>A rough estimate of the water flow rate out of the lake (during the dry season month of August 2006) was approximately 3 cubic meters per second.</p><br>
<p>In the 1980s it was suggested that the lake could be used as a resource for power generation to supply industrial developments but later the Tourism Council of the South Pacific has suggested that the lake should be included in Vanuatu&#39;s protected area system. The Department of Physical Planning and Environment is currently considering the status of protected area to the lake.</p><br>
<p>Suyab , also known as Ordukent , was an ancient Silk Road city located some 50 km east from Bishkek, and 8 km west southwest from Tokmok, in the Chui River valley, present-day Kyrgyzstan.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The settlement of Sogdian merchants sprang up along the Silk Road in the 5th or 6th centuries. The name of the city derives from that of the Suyab River,</p><br>
<p>whose origin is Iranian (in Persian: suy means "toward"+ ab for "water", "rivers"). It was first recorded by Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang who travelled in the area in 629:</p><br>
<p>Traveling 500 li to the north west of Great Qing Lake, we arrive at the city of the Suye River. The city is 6 or 7 li in circuit; various Hu ("barbarian") merchants here came from surrounding nations congregate and dwell. The soil is favourable for red millet and for grapes; the woods are not thick, the climate is windy and cold; the people wear garments of twilled wool. Traveling from Suye westward, there are a great number of isolated towns; in each there is a chieftain; these are not dependent on one another, but all are in submission to the Tujue.</p><br>
<p>During the reign of Tong Yabgu Qaghan, Suyab was the principal capital of the Western Turkic Khaganate. The khagan also had a summer capital in Navekat near the springs north of Tashkent in the Talas Valley, the capitals are being noted as the westernmost capital of Western Turkic Khaganate. There was a sort of symbiosis, with the Sogdians responsible for economical prosperity and the Gokturks in charge of the city&#39;s military security.</p><br>
<p>Following the downfall of the khaganate, Suyab was absorbed into the Tang Empire, of which it was a western military outpost between 648 and 719. A Chinese fortress was built there in 679, and Buddhism flourished. According to some accounts, the great poet Li Bai (Li Po) was born in Suyab. The Chinese traveller Du Huan, who visited Suyab after 751, found among the ruins a still-functioning Buddhist monastery, where Princess Jiaohe, daughter of Ashina Huaidao, used to dwell.</p><br>
<p>Suyab was one of the Four Garrisons of Anxi Protectorate until 719, when it was handed over to Sulu Khagan of the Turgesh, appointed by the Chinese court as the "Loyal and Obedient Qaghan". After Sulu&#39;s murder in 738, the town was promptly retaken by Chinese forces, along with Talas. The fort was strategically important during the wars between China and Tibet. In 766, the city fell to a Qarluq ruler, allied with the nascent Uyghur Khaganate.</p><br>
<p>Of the subsequent history of Suyab there is little record, especially after the Chinese evacuated the Four Garrisons in 787. David Nicolle states that Suyab provided 80,000 warriors for the Qarluq army and that it was governed by a man known as "King of Heroes". Hudud al-Alam, completed in 983, lists Suyab as a city of 20,000 inhabitants. It is believed to have been supplanted by Balasagun in the early 11th century and was abandoned soon thereafter.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological site</h2><br>
<p>In the 19th century the ruins at Ak-Beshim were erroneously identified with Balasagun, the capital of the Kara-Khitans. Wilhelm Barthold, who visited the site in 1893-94, also lent his support to this identification. Although excavations started in 1938, it was not until the 1950s that it was determined that the site had been abandoned as early as the 11th century and therefore would not be identical with Balasagun, which had flourished until the 14th century.</p><br>
<p>The archaeological site of Suyab covers some 30 hectares. As a testimony to Suyab&#39;s diverse and vibrant culture, the site encompasses remains of Chinese fortifications, Christian churches, Zoroastrian ossuaries, and Turkic bal-bals. The site is particularly rich in finds of Buddha statues and stelae. Apart from several Buddhist temples, there were a Nestorian church and cemetery from the 7th century, and probably also a 10th-century monastery with frescoes and inscriptions in Sogdian and Uyghur scripts.</p><br>
<p>Paniri  is a stratovolcano located in El Loa Province, Antofagasta Region, Chile, and near the border with Bolivia. To its northwest lie the twin volcanoes San Pedro and San Pablo, and to its southeast lies Cerro del León, from which it is separated by the huge Chao lava dome.</p><br>
<p>The volcano features lava flows, which are well preserved on the south-southwest flanks, and a scoria cone on its summit. The volcano has three craters.</p><br>
<p>Paniri also shows evidence of glacier activity on its southeastern slope. The volcano developed in four stages, the last two of which generated the main cone. One date obtained from the youngest stage is 400,000 years ago, with an uncertainty of 50,000 years. Once considered of Holocene or Pleistocene age, it was later determined that it was of Pleistocene age.</p><br>
<p>Claudio Lucero and Nelson Muñoz made the first recorded ascent of Paniri in 1972. They found archaeological remains on its summit. The mountain is the sacred mountain for the village of Ayquina.</p><br>
<p>Paniri is part of the San Pedro-Linzor volcanic chain, a chain of volcanoes formed by lava flows and pyroclastic flows. Composition of the rocks ranges from basaltic andesite and dacite.</p><br>
<p>Crested Pool is a hot spring in the Upper Geyser Basin in Yellowstone National Park. The spring is 42 feet  deep. It is named for the "crest" which surrounds the pool. Although it is considered a spring, Crested Pool sometimes erupts like a geyser.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Crested Pool has had a variety of names since it was first described by the Hayden Geological Survey of 1871. In 1872, the Hayden survey of that year named the pool—Fire Basin. Also, in 1872, guidebook writer, Harry Norton, named the pool—Circes Boudoir. Between 1872 and 1927, the pool was known by a variety of names—Dianas Spring, Devils Well, Blue Crested Spring, Pool Beautiful, Castle Pool, and Dianas Bath. The name Crested Pool was accepted as official by the USA Board on Geographical Name committee in 1927, based on the name Crested Hot Spring on Gustavus Belcher&#39;s survey map of 1872.</p><br>
<p>In 1970, a nine-year-old boy, Andrew Clark Hecht, accidentally fell into the spring and died. The Andrew Clark Hecht Memorial Public Safety Achievement Award was created in his memory, and is annually given to the individual or group who contributes the most in public safety. The recipient also receives $1,000 USD.</p><br>
<p>The Fire Museum of Greater Cincinnati, also known as the Cincinnati Fire Museum, preserves and exhibits Greater Cincinnati, Ohio&#39;s firefighting artifacts and honors firefighters, both past and present.</p><br>
<p>Over 200 years of firefighting history is on display in the Fire Museum of Greater Cincinnati. Exhibits include examples of early leather fire buckets, an 1808 fire drum, the oldest surviving fire engine in Cincinnati, and an 1836 hand pumper. The museum also features and interactive exhibit that allows visitors to experience a modern Emergency-One fire engine cab by wailing the siren, ringing the bell, and flashing the lights.</p><br>
<h2>Court Street Firehouse</h2><br>
<p>The fire museum is housed in the restored 1907 Court Street Firehouse at 315 West Court Street (near Plum Street in Downtown Cincinnati). The firehouse was part of the Cincinnati Fire Department. The Court Street Firehouse is a registered historic building, listed in the National Register on July 18, 1974.</p><br>
<p>Monte Cistella is a mountain roughly in the middle of the Lepontine Alps.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>It is wholly in Ossolan territory and comprises three main peaks: the horn (2780m), the Cistella peak (2880m) and pizzo Diei (2906m). It is unusual as a mountain as these three peaks are connected by large relatively flat plateaus at an altitude of over 2600m. They were probably smoothed out by large glaciers and the result is a highly individual mountain that is instantly recognisable (like the Matterhorn which is not far from it). It is the most symbolic mountain of the Ossola valley (not the tallest by far...Mount Rosa is at 4636m). But it is the most loved by the Ossolani, especially by the Vate dellOssola (maximum poet), Giovanni Leoni, who over one hundred years ago sang its praise. Ul Totorotela (Leonis nickname) was one of the founders of the local Alpine Club as well as poet and traveller. He and his family had and still have a long connection with this mountain and over 100 years ago he campaigned to build a mountain hut, a shelter for keen alpinists that still bear his name.</p><br>
<h2>SOIUSA classification</h2><br>
<p>According to SOIUSA (International Standardized Mountain Subdivision of the Alps) the mountain is classified in the following way:</p><br>
<p>main part=Western Alps</p><br>
<p>major sector=North-Western Alps</p><br>
<p>section=Lepontine Alps</p><br>
<p>subsection=Northwestern Lepontine Alps</p><br>
<p>supergroup=Catena Monte Leone-Blinnenhorn</p><br>
<p>group=Gruppo dello Helsenhorn</p><br>
<p>subgroup=Sottogruppo Cistella-Diei</p><br>
<p>code=I/B-10.I-A.2.b</p><br>
<p>The Missolonghi Lagoon  is a shallow lagoon located in the south of Aetolia-Acarnania, Western Greece. It is connected to the Gulf of Patras, a bay of the Ionian Sea. Its length is approximately 15 to 20 km along with its width, its shape resembles a triangle.</p><br>
<p>The deepest depth is 5 to 6 m, other than the largest part in which its depths does not pass over half a metre and it contains seaweeds. Several islands surround the lagoon Near to the coasts, the depth is only 10 cm and it is a swampy area that a part of it is land. It features fishes. Strabo called the lake Kynia.</p><br>
<p>Near the lagoon is the Aitoliko Lagoon to the north. Together they form the Missolonghi–Aitoliko Lagoons complex.</p><br>
<p>The lagoon was partly drained in the 20th century especially in the western portion in which a part of the land extended southward with farmlands and dikes. The island of Aitoliko or sometimes the peninsula extended by 15 km and 200 m making it the longest extension, the eastern half became a canal and it resembles as a dike.</p><br>
<h2>Islands in Missolonghi lagoon</h2><br>
<p>Dolmas</p><br>
<p>Kleisova</p><br>
<p>Komma</p><br>
<p>Prokopanistos</p><br>
<p>Schinias</p><br>
<p>Tourlida</p><br>
<p>Vasiladi</p><br>
<p>Los Negros Island is the third largest of the Admiralty Islands. It is significant because it contains the main airport of Manus Province on its eastern coastline, at Momote. It is connected to Lorengau, the capital of the province, on Manus Island via a highway and bridge across the Lonui Passage, which separates Los Negros from the larger Manus Island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Los Negros was formerly a Japanese base during World War II, and was heavily assaulted on February 29, 1944 by Allied forces, during the Battle of Los Negros which was the spearhead for the Admiralty Islands campaign.</p><br>
<p>After its capture by allied forces, Los Negros was developed over the spring and summer of 1944 into an important air and sea base that was used by allied forces until September 1945. Allied development included the creation of an advanced naval base at Seeadler Harbor, a seaplane base at Lombrum Point</p><br>
<p>and an extended airfield to accommodate heavy aircraft built at Mokerang Plantation.</p><br>
<p>The Australian War Crimes Court held a series of trials of accused war criminals at Los Negros between June 1950 and April 1951.</p><br>
<p>The Kalgan River is a river in the Great Southern region of Western Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The river is 140 km long and, along with the King River, drains into Oyster Harbour. The lower 9 km of the river take the form of a drowned river valley with steep hillsides of forest and farmland, and the occasional outcrop of granite.</p><br>
<p>The river&#39;s source is west of the Stirling Ranges. It rises north-west of Kendenup and flows generally southwards until it reaches Oyster Harbour about 10 km north-east of Albany.</p><br>
<p>The Kalgan River is the region’s fourth largest river in terms of average annual flow (53,400 megalitres), and has the third largest catchment area (2,562 km²).</p><br>
<p>The upper reaches of the Kalgan River lie protected within the National Park. These tributaries are marginally saline to brackish, suggesting the levels of salinity are natural. The loss of catchment vegetation (66% of the catchment is cleared) has increased salinity levels downstream. The lower section of the Kalgan River is tidal; a rockbar at the Upper Kalgan bridge separates the upper section from the tidal lower section.</p><br>
<p>The tributaries of the Kalgan River include Napier Creek, Boonawarrup Creek, Young River, Stony Creek and Gaalgegup Creek. The river flows through two pools of note: Meriwarbelup Pool and Noorubup Pool.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Kalgan River was named the "Riviere des Francais" by the French Scientific Expedition in 1803, captained by French explorer Nicolas Baudin, in the ship Géographe, which anchored in what is now known as Frenchmans Bay, and was subsequently known as the "French River" by early settlers. The explorer Alexander Collie recorded the river as "Kal-gan-up" in April 1831. The name Kalganup is believed to be the Noongar word for "place of many waters". Kalganup is also thought to mean "place of fishes" and there are still the remains of Aboriginal fish traps to prove the point. The traps, known as the Albany Fish Traps have been situated here for at least the last 7,500 years.</p><br>
<h2>Flora</h2><br>
<p>The fringing vegetation of the estuarine portion of the Kalgan River is dominated by the saltwater paperbark trees surrounded by dense stands of coastal saw sedge and shore rushes.</p><br>
<p>The downstream freshwater parts of the river have a much greater variety of species, with a fringing forest that includes swamp paperbark, marri, jarrah, wattle and Western Australian peppermint trees. Further inland, species such as swamp yate, flooded gum and varieties of Banksia and Hakea are found.</p><br>
<p>Parts of the riverbank that have been cleared support a variety of introduced weeds that are shallow rooted. In areas in which the native deep-rooted species have been lost, erosion of the river bank has become a problem.</p><br>
<p>Many wild flowers can be found along the Luke Pen Walk, a trail that follows the river for the 9 km before it reaches Oyster Harbour. Some of the varieties include Hovea trisperma (common hovea), Hovea pungens (devil’s pins), Hovea elliptica (tree hovea), Adenanthos obovatus (basket flower), Lysinema ciliatum (curry flower), Leucopogeon pulchelus (beard heath), Banksia sessilis (parrot bush), Banksia squarrosa (pringle) and Acacia extensa (wiry wattle).</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The estuarine end of the Kalgan River is good fishing for many species including black bream with a few skippy, herring, mulloway and whiting.</p><br>
<p>The Kalgan River is renowned as being an excellent place to fish for bream and some of the State&#39;s largest bream have been caught in the river.</p><br>
<p>Smaller freshwater species that can be found in the Kalgan River include the western galaxias (Galaxias occidentalis), the common jollytail (Galaxias maculatus), the mud minnow (Galaxiella munda), Balston&#39;s pygmy perch (Nannatherina balston), Nightfish (Bostockia porosa) and the western pygmy perch (Edelia vittata).</p><br>
<p>The river is home to a large population of birds. In the estuarine part of the river, species such as the Australian pelican, little black cormorant, pied cormorant, pied oystercatcher, black-winged stilt, common sandpiper, Australian white ibis, straw-necked ibis, yellow-billed spoonbill, Pacific gull and Caspian tern can often be seen.</p><br>
<p>The freshwater parts of the river also support an enormous variety of birds including nankeen kestrel, Australian hobby, wedge-tailed eagle, short-billed black cockatoo, long-billed black cockatoo, galah, little corella, purple-crowned lorikeet, red-capped parrot, laughing kookaburra, willie wagtail, white-breasted robin, splendid fairywren, New Holland honeyeater, red wattlebird and red-eared firetail.</p><br>
<p>Amphibious species that can be commonly be found in and around the river are frogs, such as the western banjo and moaning frogs.</p><br>
<p>Reptiles frequently found in the area include tiger snakes and dugites.</p><br>
<h2>Bridges</h2><br>
<p>The southern end of the Kalgan River has two bridges of note: The Upper Kalgan bridge and the Lower Kalgan Bridge.</p><br>
<p>The Lower Kalgan Bridge was built from 1906 and opened in 1908. At 900 ft in length, it was the longest of its kind over water in the State at the time. At this time, the bridge had a special navigation span, 40 ft wide at the deepest part of the river.</p><br>
<p>The original bridge remained in place until 1958, when it was replaced, but the navigation span trusses were removed for preservation and are now on display in the park at the western end of the bridge.</p><br>
<p>The Government Jetty was also built in 1906 so that timber and other construction materials could e delivered adjacent to the Lower King Bridge site. The jetty was also later used as a landing point for tourist vessels that traveled upriver from Albany. It is now in a state of disrepair</p><br>
<h2>Islands</h2><br>
<p>The Kalgan River contains many small islands, particularly in the section below the Upper Kalgan bridge. The largest is Honeymoon Island (also called Elbow Island), which is slightly upstream of the Lower Kalgan bridge. This island has a small clearing and can be readily landed upon. A smaller island, Willie Island, is a little downstream of the Upper Kalgan bridge.</p><br>
<h2>Dreamtime</h2><br>
<p>The Kalgan River is a place of great significance to the local Noongar people. A dreaming story tells us of a husband and his wife who lived in the Porongurup ranges. The husband beat his wife terribly but she escaped from him by stumbling through the thick bushland. As the wife ran through the bush, her digging stick trailed over the Earth and cut open the soil behind her forming the path of the Kalgan river.</p><br>
<h2>Luke Pen Walk</h2><br>
<p>The Luke Pen Walk is a track that follows the Kalgan River; it was constructed in 1997. The walk is described as easy with the terrain being generally flat and even. With a total length of 9 km it can take about 4 hours to complete the round trip.</p><br>
<p>The Luke Pen Walk was named after Dr Luke Pen, a local scientist, who made significant contributions to the local community with his preservation work. The walk was named in 2002 following the death of Dr Pen.</p><br>
<p>The northern end of the walk is near the Upper Kalgan Bridge and is on the eastern bank of the river, the southern end of the walk is located at the end of East Bank road about 3 km north of the lower Kalgan bridge.</p><br>
<p>Bloody Run is a 1.4 mi tributary of the Raystown Branch Juniata River in Bedford County, Pennsylvania, in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Bloody Run flows down a valley between Tussey Mountain and Warrior Ridge, and enters the Raystown Branch in Everett, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The creek acquired its name from the rather gruesome battles of the area in the 1750s during the French and Indian War, as well as from the many travelers who were killed by the Indians who had a settlement on the site of the town eventually named after the creek. Bloody Run was laid out on June 15, 1795, by Michael Barndollar, who purchased 400 acre which included the Bloody Run creek. This early town was named Waynesburg in honor of George Wayne, but the post office bore the title of Bloody Run. The town held the name Waynesburg until 1860, when it was officially changed to Bloody Run. On or about the year 1875, at a borough election, the majority of voters adopted the new town name of Everett, after statesman and orator Edward Everett, one-time governor of Massachusetts and president of Harvard University, who is best known as the speaker opposite Abraham Lincoln at the reading of the Gettysburg Address.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Today, there are many events and organizations named after this tributary. "The Bloody Run Historical Society was formed to preserve the history of the community of Everett (Bloody Run) and maintain the properties at the Everett Train Station." The Raystown Canoe Club organizes the Bloody Run Canoe Classic. Another example of name use is the Bloody Run 10k run and 5k walk.</p><br>
<p>Spegeldammen  Mirror Pond) is a small lake in Norra Djurgården in north-eastern central Stockholm, Sweden. It is one of six lakes in Djurgården, the others being Lillsjön, Uggleviken, Isbladskärret, Laduviken, and Lappkärret.</p><br>
<p>Located in the Royal National City Park, Spegeldammen is considered of great recreational value and forms part of a proposed nature reserve. It was created in the early 1980s after a shooting range here was closed and is today leased by an angling club for catch-and-release fishery.</p><br>
<h2>Catchment area</h2><br>
<p>The catchment area is dominated by open meadows with oaks in the patches of forest. During most of the 20th century, the area found use as a shooting range, and as a waterlogged marsh where excavated earth and other material was dumped. The range was discontinued in 1978 and shortly thereafter sediments from the nearby Laduviken and other excavated material was disposed within the present catchment area of Spegeldammen, and the lake was created in connection with the housing of the deposits. Today a small pavilion is sitting on the eastern shore of the lake and sheep are grazing the area during summers.</p><br>
<h3>Environmental influence</h3><br>
<p>Water contains moderate levels of phosphorus and nitrogen, but sediments contain considerable levels of lead, zinc, cadmium, and copper. Present activities in and around the lake causes insignificant damage, but historical usage still affects the lake through drainpipes. The lake was drained in 2001 and specimen of water leaking out of the lake bed showed considerable levels of phosphorus phosphate and ammonium nitrogen, while levels of nutrients, zinc and copper were low. Specimen of the outflow in 1998, however, showed increased levels of copper, zinc, and to some extent of cadmium, and land specimen in the abandoned embankments of the shooting range showed they contained levels of lead exceeding officially sanctioned levels.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>During the 1990s, aquatic plants, mostly rigid hornwort, have spread and now covers the lake bed. Along the shores are dense stands of common reed, lesser bulrush, common bulrush, and unbranched bur-reed.</p><br>
<p>The shores are dominated by various species of Oligochaeta, Gastropoda, and Odonata. Superficial sediments are dominated by Oligochaeta and non-biting midges while deeper layers contain the freshwater crustacean Asellus aquaticus and larvae of mayflies and Odonatas. Gyraulus crista and Hippeutis complanatus are unusual freshwater snails present in the lake. The most common dragonfly is the emerald damselfly, but azure damselfly, variable damselfly, scarce emerald damselfly, common blue damselfly, downy emerald, and red-eyed damselfly are also present. In Stockholm, Aeshna osiliensis is unique to Norra Djurgården, while the large white-faced darter is protected by the EU.</p><br>
<p>Spegeldammen is an important breeding ground for several species of amphibians, including smooth newt, great crested newt, common frog, and common toad, and several ponds have been created solely for promoting the precondition for breeding amphibians. Grass snakes are also found both in the lake and in the surrounding area.</p><br>
<p>The crucian carp is naturally present in the lake, while trout and rainbow trout have been introduced for angling. Notwithstanding the limited scale of the lake a large number of birds are regularly found here, including little grebe, little ringed plover, and common moorhen. Additionally, the area is one of the best locales for bats in Stockholm.</p><br>
<h2>Visiting</h2><br>
<p>The lake and the national park is easily accessible by metro, bus, bicycle or by foot. The nearest metro station is Universitetet.</p><br>
<p>Uggleviken  Owl Bay) is a former bay and lake in Norra Djurgården, a semi-rural area in north-eastern central Stockholm, Sweden, forming part of the Royal National City Park.</p><br>
<p>Together with Lillsjön, Laduviken and Storängsbotten, Uggleviken used to be part of a bay forking across Norra Djurgården. Today it is reduced to a marsh or a wet alder forest with patches of reeds in its centre. It is regarded as of great natural value and have been mentioned as one of the most interesting botanical and ornithological areas in Stockholm.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The spring of the lake first appears in historical records in the end of the 18th century and during the 19th century and early 20th century it became a popular Trinity spring to which Stockholmers in huge numbers would go on Trinity Sunday to drink at a ceremony. A pavilion constructed in 1902 is still reminding of the era.</p><br>
<h2>Catchment area</h2><br>
<p>The marsh&#39;s catchment area, considered as one of the most important wetlands in Stockholm and an important biotope for many species, is relatively untouched by humans and mostly contains forest and open terrain. Björknäsvägen, a densely trafficked road stretching along the northern side of Uggleviken, reduces accessibility to the wetland, as do the suburban railway Roslagsbanan and an industrial railway south of it. The Royal Institute of Technology occupies approximately 20 per cent of the catchment area and on the west side are a number of allotment-gardens.</p><br>
<h3>Environmental influence</h3><br>
<p>The major inflow comes from stormwater and surface runoff. Pipes from settled areas opening out on the southern side are believed to be the major environmental burden together with run-off water from the road north of the wetland. High levels of phosphorus have been recorded in the outflow.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>Botanically, many rare species such as water sedge, lesser tussock-sedge, alternate-leaved golden-saxifrage, small water-pepper, marsh stitchwort, and marsh fern are present. Specimens in isolated ponds in the area contain species of Oligochaeta, and Gastropoda, such as Valvata critata and Anisus leucostoma. Many species of birds are found in the marsh, including thrush nightingale, redwing, dunnock, and Eurasian wren. Smooth newt and common toad were both reported in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Visiting</h2><br>
<p>Both the wetland and the surrounding national park are easily accessible. The nearest metro station is Tekniska högskolan.</p><br>
<p>The Chiese, also known in the Province of Brescia as the Clisi, is a 160 km Italian river that is the principal immisary and sole emissary of the sub-alpine lake Lago d’Idro, and is a left tributary of the Oglio.</p><br>
<p>The river rises from the Adamello in Trentino and runs through the Val di Fumo and the Val di Daone, forming the reservoirs of Lago di Malga Bissina and Lago di Malga Boazzo. At Pieve di Bono it enters the lower valleys of Giudicarie, receiving the waters of the torrente Adanà. Further south it flows through the Lago d&#39;Idro near Baitoni before running down into Lombardy and the Province of Brescia.</p><br>
<p>After leaving the lake the river runs through the Val Sabbia as far as Roè Volciano. Here it enters the pianura padana, and flows south through Gavardo, Calcinato, Montichiari, Carpenedolo and Acquafredda, enters the Province of Mantua at Asola, before flowing into the Oglio on its left bank in the valley of Acquanegra sul Chiese.</p><br>
<h2>Exploitation as a source of hydropower</h2><br>
<p>Like its twin the Sarca, the river is born of the glaciers of the Parco naturale provinciale dell&#39;Adamello-Brenta and its waters are intensively used for the production of hydro-electricity. Within the highly restricted area of its drainage basin above Lago d’Idro there are at least four artificial lakes and three hydro-electric power stations. The lower course of the river in Lombardy is also used for this purpose.</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>Pleasant Home, also known as the John Farson House, is a historic home located in the Chicago suburb of Oak Park, Illinois, United States. The large, Prairie style mansion was designed by architect George Washington Maher and completed in 1897. The house was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on June 19, 1972. Exactly 24 years later, in 1996, it was declared a National Historic Landmark by the United States Department of the Interior.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Pleasant Home, historically known as the John Farson House, derives its common name from its location, at the intersection of Pleasant Street and Home Avenue in Oak Park.</p><br>
<p>Herbert S. Mills owned The Mills Novelty Company, the maker of the Mills Violano-Virtuoso, an electric self-playing violin and piano mechanism. In 2009 a fully restored Mills Violano was installed at Pleasant Home by the Mills Novelty Company and Haughawout Music Company and is currently on display.</p><br>
<p>The Pleasant Home was situated on a larger lot, which was converted to a park now called Mills Park. Situated on the lot were also a greenhouse and a coach house where horse carriages and horses were originally kept, and later automobiles. The coach house and greenhouse have since been demolished due to deterioration from insufficient upkeep.</p><br>
<p>Restoration began on the house in 1966 with a US$26,000 rewiring project. In 1970, at a cost of more than $40,000, a number of tasks were completed in the restoration process. On the home&#39;s exterior, the fascia and soffit were rebuilt as needed and the roof was repaired as well. Also on the exterior, the wood surfaces were repainted. The repairs were conducted in a manner consistent with the original design and construction of the building.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>Pleasant Home is an important example of early Prairie style. The house is listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places; it was added on June 19, 1972. The Farson House is among the earliest of the Prairie style buildings. The house is considered the finest surviving example of Maher&#39;s work.</p><br>
<p>The Historical Society of Oak Park and River Forest is presently located on the second floor of the Pleasant Home,</p><br>
<p>but the society plans to move to the Landmark Firehouse at Lake and Lombard Streets in Oak Park.</p><br>
<p>Schönbuch is an almost completely wooded area south west of Stuttgart and part of the Southern German Escarpment Landscape . In 1972 the centre zone of Schönbuch became the first nature park in Baden-Württemberg.</p><br>
<p>A geological trail is located in Schönbuch nature park at Kirnberg and was created in 1977 on the 500th anniversary of the Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen. Several panels explain the sediments of the Keuper highland (shale, marl and sandstone) and the development of the Kirnbach valley.</p><br>
<p>Today the 156 km² large reserve is referred to as Schönbuch whereas the original, more comprehensive area is usually called Schönbuch-Region.</p><br>
<p>Schönbuch nature park is an important recreational area of the Stuttgart Region, also because it is only intersected by relatively few roads.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Schönbuch is located in central Baden-Württemberg – approximately 25 km south of the city center of Stuttgart, about 15 km south west of Stuttgart Airport. It is also close to Reutlingen (south east), the university city of Tübingen (south), Herrenberg (southwest) and Böblingen (northwest).</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>A commuter train called the Schönbuchbahn runs though Schönbuch, connecting Dettenhausen to Böblingen where it connects with the S-Bahn system.</p><br>
<p>Magelungen is one of the biggest lakes in Stockholm, Sweden, located between the municipalities of Stockholm and Huddinge. It is considered as of great recreational value and is popular for bathing, yachting, and fishing in summers, and tour skating in winters. It is bordering two nature reserves: Fagersjöskogen/Farstanäset and Rågsved Open-Air Area.</p><br>
<h2>Catchment area</h2><br>
<p>Less than half of the catchment area is composed of forest and open grasslands. Some 10 per cent is wetlands and parks, and the remaining area is covered by one-family houses and blocks of flats. Two bridges cross the lake; several major roads pass through the catchment area, as do the above ground tracks of the metro and suburban railway. South of the lake is a larger continuous forest, a golf course, and an open-air centre. Besides the nature reserve, areas on the northern side are used for riding and Allotment-gardens.</p><br>
<p>The primary catchment area is relatively small and composed of three ditches — Magelungsdiket, Kräppladiket, and Djupån — together contributing about 3 million cubic metres annually. Stormwater is brought to the lake via a great number of pipes together bringing about 10 million cubic metre. The remaining catchment area brings less than 1 million cubic metres annually.</p><br>
<h3>Environmental influence</h3><br>
<p>Most of the phosphorus discharged into the lake, totalling 1,800 kg/year, is brought from the lake Ågestasjön (~1,000 kg) through the Norrån river, while the primary catchment area brings some 500 kg. Of the 25 tons of nitrogen brought annually to the lake, about 18 tons comes from Norrån and some 6 tons from the primary catchment area. The deepest south-eastern part of the lake suffers from oxygen deficiency and hydrogen sulphide which causes high levels of phosphorus. Most of the zinc and copper comes from roofs, while high levels of metals have been reported in stormwater from a local industrial area.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>In the south-eastern part of the lake, phytoplanktons are dominated by various species of cyanobacterias, some of which are nitrogen-binding and potentially poisonous, and exceptionally other nutrient-demanding algae and dinoflagellates. Zooplankton are only found in small quantities. Variations in quantity appears between the southern and northern parts of the lake, with more an abundant presence of green algae in the northern end where dinoflagellates are substituted also by diatoms. Striking when it comes to aquatic plants is the abundance of spiked water-milfoil and rigid hornswort in the north-western part of the lake. An inventory in 1998 also documented Chara globularis, common waterweed, white water-lily, yellow water-lily, branched bur-reed, flowering rush, and Stratiotes aloides.</p><br>
<p>An inventory of the fauna in 1997 documented some 55 species, which was considered a relatively high diversity. Most prevalent was freshwater gastropods, caddisflies, leeches, and beetles. Common fishes are perch, silver bream, roach, and zander; but burbot, European smelt, and eel have also been reported. Zander, grass carp, and trout have been introduced. Angling is thus popular in the lake. Crayfish plague struck the lake in 1978 but signal crayfish were reintroduced in 1984.</p><br>
<p>A number of birds breed along the north-western shore, including Eurasian coot, common moorhen, mallard, and great crested grebe. Lesser spotted woodpecker have been reported in the surrounding forest and the lake is the home of a rare couple of marsh harriers. Black-headed gull, common gull, herring gull, common tern, osprey, heron, Canada goose, mute swan, and greylag goose have been sighted. Breeding species include great crested grebe, common teal, common snipe, and reed bunting. Only occasionally seen are garganey, common kingfisher, osprey, and gadwall.</p><br>
<p>Frog fry was reported in 2001 near the inflow of the lake, an indication amphibians are resettling the area. Several species of bats have been sighted around the lake.</p><br>
<p>Cresheim Creek is a creek in southeastern Pennsylvania. Rising at Wyndmoor in Springfield Township , it runs about 2.7 miles  southwest, passing through part of Northwest Philadelphia and forming the boundary between Mount Airy and Chestnut Hill, before emptying into the Wissahickon Creek at Devil&#39;s Pool not far south of the Valley Green Inn.</p><br>
<p>The Cresheim Valley below Germantown Avenue is part of Fairmount Park. The former railbed within it (see section below) is also an easement for PECO powerlines, which take advantage of the former railbed&#39;s grading and open space. In October 2013, the City of Philadelphia extended Fairmount Park ownership of the creek valley almost to the Philadelphia-Montgomery border at Stenton Avenue as part of the Wissahickon East Project, with ongoing and future efforts such as streambed cleanup and invasive species removal to restore the 6 acre of newly acquired land.</p><br>
<p>Cresheim Valley Drive runs beside the creek from Stenton Avenue until southwest of the Chestnut Hill West Line tracks, where the road bends away to become Emlen Street. The stone pergola that stands at the southwest corner of the intersection of Germantown Avenue and Cresheim Valley Drive contains plaques honoring both the early German settlers of the Cresheim Valley and Samuel Newman Baxter, chief arborist of Fairmount Park from 1915 to 1945.</p><br>
<p>A dirt parking area off Cresheim Valley Drive, southwest from the Chestnut Hill West railroad bridge, marks the trailhead for a set of walking paths that follow the creek for some distance downstream to its outlet.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Pre-Euro-American and early-Euro-American periods</h3><br>
<p>The area around Cresheim Creek was originally inhabited by the Lenape. Seventeenth-century (1600s) settlers of the German Township named the creek after the village from which they had emigrated (which is now part of Monsheim, Alzey-Worms, Rhineland-Palatinate). The aforementioned pergola plaque gives the settlers&#39; spelling of the name as Krisheim. The settlers arrived in the 1680s. In 1700, they built Cresheim Cottage, the earliest permanent building in the vicinity, which is still standing at the intersection of Germantown Avenue and Gowen Avenue. (The original cottage comprises the smaller part of the present building; the larger part was built circa 1748.)</p><br>
<h3>Cresheim Branch (Fort Washington Branch) of the Connecting Railway</h3><br>
<p>From 1893 to 1978, a 6.5 mi branch of the Connecting Railway, variously called either the Cresheim Branch or the Fort Washington Branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad, diverged from the Chestnut Hill Branch (present-day Chestnut Hill West Line) just north of Allen Lane station (behind what is now the campus of New Covenant Church and several schools) and ran next to the creeks bank from there to the creeks headwaters near East Lane station in Wyndmoor. The railbed curved through Hillcrest and Laverock in Cheltenham Township to meet and follow the right-of-way that is now occupied by the Fort Washington Expressway portion of Route 309 to Fort Hill, at a station named White Marsh (sic), near Fort Washington, where it connected with the Trenton Cutoff. The branch was electrified by the Pennsylvania from 1924 to 1952, more as an operational convenience for the railroad than for the line&#39;s negligible commuter traffic which the PRR never bothered to develop. The section of the branch below Queen Street in Wyndmoor remained in service for freight customers until 1978 when it was abandoned and the tracks removed.</p><br>
<p>Outdoor enthusiasts of Northwest Philadelphia and various Montgomery County communities have encouraged their local legislators to effect the conversion of the Cresheim Branch&#39;s railbed into a rail trail.</p><br>
<p>Perdido Pass, separating Alabama Point from Florida Point, is the mouth of the Perdido River. Perdido Pass forms a water passage that connects Perdido Bay with the Gulf of Mexico to the south, in the U.S. state of Alabama, 2 miles  west of the Alabama/Florida state line. A bridge spans Perdido Pass, connecting Alabama Point  with Florida Point in Alabama . At the entrance into the Gulf, the 2 rock barriers, extending from the white beaches, are the west jetty & east jetty . The surrounding area is heavily developed, with high-rise condominiums. However, there are nearby beach-front parks, with Gulf State Park on the eastern side of Perdido Pass.</p><br>
<p>"Orange Beach SW" (area map showing development),</p><br>
<p>USGS, 5 May 2005, web image:.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Perdido Pass, extending between Florida Point and Alabama Point, is easily distinguished, from offshore, by the Alabama State Route 182 highway bridge in Orange Beach, Alabama, spanning the pass with two openings. The fixed span over Perdido Pass Channel has a clearance of 54 ft. The fixed span over Cotton Bayou Channel has a clearance of 41 ft. The dredged entrance channel leads from the Gulf through Perdido Pass to a fork at the highway bridge; thence into two channels, one leading north into Terry Cove and Johnson Cove and the other leading east into Bayou St. John. The entrance to the pass is protected by a jetty on the west and by a combination weir and jetty on the east; the top of the weir is submerged 6 in at mean low tide. Numerous sunken wrecks are in the approach to the pass.</p><br>
<h2>Depth of channels</h2><br>
<p>In October 2006, the controlling depth was 5.2 ft, reaching 8.2 ft at mid-channel, in the entrance channel to the intersection of the east and west channels. From that area, thence 4.9 ft, reaching 8.3 ft at mid-channel, in the west channel leading to Terry and Johnson Coves, thence 6.9 ft, reaching 7.4 ft at mid-channel, in the east channel leading to Bayou St. John. The channels are well marked. A lighted whistle buoy off the entrance marks the approach.</p><br>
<h2>Access to the Intracoastal Waterway</h2><br>
<p>The Intracoastal Waterway, in the lower part of Perdido Bay, is reached from Perdido Pass via a marked channel through Bayou St. John. In May 1982, shoaling to 6 ft was reported in Bayou St. John, between day-beacons no. 6 and 8. An overhead power cable, with a clearance of 59 ft, crosses the channel leading to Terry Cove and Johnson Cove, about 0.4 mi from the State Route 182 fixed bridge. Several small-craft facilities are in the coves and Cotton Bayou, on the W side of Perdido Pass 0.7 mi above the entrance.</p><br>
<h2>Old River</h2><br>
<p>Old River enters Perdido Pass from the east between Florida Point and Ono Island. In May 1982, a reported depth of 5 ft could be carried through the river, with local knowledge. The Florida-Alabama state boundary passes along the center of Old River until 2 miles (3 km) before Perdido Pass. A fixed highway bridge with a clearance of 24 ft crosses Old River, about 1 mi east of Perdido Pass.</p><br>
<h2>Florida Point in Alabama</h2><br>
<p>Both Alabama Point and Florida Point are in the town of Orange Beach, Alabama (along the Gulf of Mexico). However, Florida Point is the tip of a peninsula originating in the USA State of Florida, with the final 2 miles (3 km) of the tip contained within Alabama. Often USA state lines run through the middle of a water pass or river; however, the Perido Pass is entirely within the State of Alabama, where the state line runs east of it. The Gulf State Park is located on Florida Point. Historically, new passes are breached and old ones filled in during hurricanes.The original pass discovered by Juan Carlos Siquenza(sp?)was located on the current state boundary between Alabama, and Florida. The use of stone and cement jettys combined with dredging and pumping sand out of the pass by the Army Corps of Engineers and the City of Orange Beach currently mitigates damage from hurricanes and sedimentation.</p><br>
<h2>Islands of Perdido Pass</h2><br>
<p>Also known as the Orange Beach Islands, the Islands of Perdido Pass are considered both recreational hangouts for boaters, and vital sanctuaries to several species of plant and animal. The islands of Orange Beach, Alabama are accessible only by watercraft. Two public boat accesses are offered in Orange Beach, as well as boat launches including The Wharf or Bear Point Marina.</p><br>
<p>The Islands of Perdido Pass consist of Bird Island, Robinson Island, Gilchrist Island, Walker Island, and the easternmost Rabbit Island.</p><br>
<h2>2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill</h2><br>
<p>Following the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill the entrance to Perdido Pass was closed, with a barrier system in June 2010, to control tidal flow of oil entering from the Gulf of Mexico. The daily high tide was causing oil-contaminated water to enter Perdido Bay. The barrier system was designed to allow boats to travel through Perdido Pass, during the outflowing tide, but close during the rising tide and collect oil deposits in a retention area on the eastern edge of the pass. During the disaster BP took over much of the Gulf State Park and used it for parking or storage of equipment.As of April 2011, BP or BP subcontractors were still utilizing the park free of charge.</p><br>
<p>East of Mobile Bay the damage to the fragile environment from BP oil spill clean-up crews exceeded damage done by the oil spill itself.</p><br>
<p>The Garrett White House, sometimes referred to as the Garrett-White House, is a historic structure in Colerain, Bertie County, North Carolina. The house is listed in the National Register of Historic Places as constructed in 1785, though some other sources give the date of construction as 1780.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Garrett White House is a late Georgian house, near the community of Trap in Bertie County, North Carolina, about six miles (10 km) west of the Chowan River, shortly before it becomes the Albemarle Sound. The late-Georgian architecture is "relatively rare in Bertie County, where Federal and Greek Revival period buildings predominated." The plantation house was built originally on the hall and parlor plan. It was remodelled less than twenty years later, when the Hope Mansion was built and the Federal style became fashionable in the Albemarle region. Most of the earlier woodwork and chimney pieces were reused, but the house was given the central hall plan it has today. The house retains all of its original woodwork and some of its plaster. The pier structure has been retained, so the massive sill timbering is easily viewed.</p><br>
<p>The house was built by Jesse Garrett, a farmer and slave owner. Much of the interior of the house is fabricated from first growth pine, and it is possible that the artisans who crafted the woodwork and panelling were from the enslaved community.</p><br>
<p>Jesse Garrett was born in 1725 on the east side of the Chowan River. He later moved to the west side, became a flourishing landowner and built a "manor house." He farmed the acres around the community now known as Trap, and also owned a grist mill on Barbeque Swamp, about half a mile west of the present site of the house. In addition to the twenty slaves he owned, he also had a family of ten living in the house.</p><br>
<p>The Census and Court records affirm that for 200 years the house was lived in by only two families, the Garretts and the Whites. After Jacob Hill White bought the property in 1849 he gave 1 acre of his land to the trustees of the Church of Christ at Philadelphia, a small congregation in the community of Trap. The church was renamed the Mars Hill Baptist Church, and the surrounding community, now often referred to as Mars Hill, became a center of education, founding the Mars Hill High School.</p><br>
<p>During the Civil War the house is identified as belonging to "Mrs. White." This could either be Jacob’s wife, or Elizabeth White, perhaps his mother, a wealthy woman listed as living in the household in 1850. She would have been 83 when the map which identifies the house was drawn. Elizabeth White is listed as having personal property &ndash; probably enslaved workers &ndash; valued at $9,000.</p><br>
<p>After the death of the last White family occupant, the house was sold, but it was unoccupied until it was bought by Preservation North Carolina and resold under covenants to the present owners in 1996. A program of restoration was begun, which is largely complete. The original chimney pieces, which had previously been removed from the house without the consent of any of the owners, were recovered by Preservation North Carolina and have been reinstalled. The early 19th century porch/piazza has been rebuilt using the mortise and tenon joints uncovered during restoration.</p><br>
<p>Litke Deep  is</p><br>
<p>an oceanic trench in the Arctic Ocean. It is the deepest</p><br>
<p>known point in the Arctic Ocean.</p><br>
<p>It is the 20th</p><br>
<p>deepest oceanic trench in the world.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Litke Deep is located in the southwestern part of the Eurasian Basin south of the underwater ridge Gakkel Ridge roughly 350 kilometers northeast of Svalbard and roughly 220 km north of the island of Nordaustlandet. The deepest part is at 5,449 metres (17,881 feet). under sea level. The average depth in the Arctic Ocean is about 1,000 metres and more than 60 % is less than 200 metres deep.</p><br>
<p>The Eurasian Basin stretches from northeastern part of Greenland past the Svalbard archipelago, Franz Josef Land and Severnaya Zemlya to the Taymyr Peninsula. Sometimes the Molloy Deep is mentioned as the deepest point in the Arctic Ocean, this deep however lies in the Fram Strait in the Greenland Sea.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Litke Deep was located in 1955 by the russian icebreaker ”Fyodor Litke”</p><br>
<p>expedition. It is named after russian explorer Fyodor Petrovich Litke.</p><br>
<p>Walnut Grove Plantation, the home of Charles and Mary Moore, was built in 1765 on a land grant given by King George III. The property is located in Roebuck in Spartanburg, South Carolina. Charles Moore was a school teacher and used the 3,000 acre plantation as a farm. The Moores had ten children, and some of their descendants still live within the area.</p><br>
<p>The eldest daughter, Margaret Catharine Moore (best known as Kate Barry), served as a scout for General Daniel Morgan during the Battle of Cowpens. Kate Moore Barry is credited with planting the grove of black walnut trees.</p><br>
<p>Today, the main house has been renovated and preserved. Tours are given throughout the Manor as well as the other houses, including a schoolhouse, a wheat house, and several other structures.</p><br>
<p>A stain on the floor of the upstairs bedroom in the manor was for a long time believed to be the blood of a patriot named John Steadman, who was killed by Tory forces led by "Bloody" Bill Cunningham. The stain and this story were popular with tourists. As 21st-century research determined the stain was not from human blood, tour guides have been prohibited from attributing it to the Steadman murder.</p><br>
<p>The Omaha Rail and Commerce Historic District, roughly bounded by Jackson, 15th, and 8th Streets, as well as the Union Pacific main line, is located in downtown Omaha, Nebraska. Today this historic district includes several buildings listed individually on the National Register of Historic Places, including the Union Pacific Depot and the Burlington Station.</p><br>
<h2>About</h2><br>
<p>The Union Pacific Railroad was of central importance to the growth of Omaha, particularly between 1887 and 1945. Buildings in the Omaha Rail and Commerce Historic District were built to serve business related to the main line of the transcontinental railroad, which runs through the present-day district. Large warehouses, manufacturing warehouses, transfer and storage companies, and service businesses filled the area.</p><br>
<p>Today, the buildings border the Old Market, and serve as apartments, artist studios and other commercial enterprises.</p><br>
<h2>Notable buildings</h2><br>
<p>Several buildings within the Omaha Rail and Commerce Historic District are listed on the National Register of Historic Places or are significant for their local history.</p><br>
<p>Coronation Island is located off the northwest coast of Prince of Wales Island, south of Kuiu Island, and north of Noyes Island. The nearest full service community is Craig, Alaska. The island is also home to the Coronation Island Wilderness, which encompasses 19,232 acre.</p><br>
<h2>Island Access</h2><br>
<p>The island is accessible by boat or float plane. People wanting to visit should be aware of winds and surf.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Coronation Island is an island that has the Pacific Ocean to its south and southwest, Iphigenia Bay to its southeast, Sumner Strait to its east and northeast, and Chatham Strait to the west and northwest. To the North is Kuiu Island. To the east is Warren Island. Coronation Island has seven high peaks: Needle Peak, Aats Peak, Pin Peak, and four other peaks that are not named. Coronation Island has five bays: Egg Harbor, Alikula Bay, Aats Bay, Gish Bay, and Windy Bay. The island is surrounded by rocky areas, a few sandy areas, and a handful of coral reefs. The island is made largely of limestone. Colander Cave was found in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Common animals on Coronation Island would include black bears, black-tailed deer, bald eagles, wolves, sea otters, Steller&#39;s sea lions, harbor seals, and humpback whales.</p><br>
<p>Fish and shellfish that inhabit the water around the island include: king salmon, red salmon, silver salmon, pink salmon, chum salmon, halibut, lingcod, Pacific cod, a variety of rock fish, greenling, rat fish, dog sharks, dungeness crab, tanner crab, king crab, shrimp, prawns, scallops, abalone, clams, and jellyfish. There have also been reported sightings and catchings of great white sharks that have traveled up on warm currents.</p><br>
<h2>Flora</h2><br>
<p>The island has Sitka spruce and western hemlock. The rest of the island vegetation is lush and varied. The ocean around the island ranges from 51F to 55F and supports a handful of coral reef areas.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>The Henyakwan Tlingit traditionally used Coronation Island, and would often camp in Egg Harbor while awaiting fair weather to travel out to the Hazy Islands, where they would gather bird eggs. A lead mine operated on the west shore of Egg Harbor from the early 1900s until the late 1960s.</p><br>
<h2>General Wilderness Prohibitions</h2><br>
<p>Motorized equipment and equipment used for mechanical transport is generally prohibited on all federal lands designated as wilderness. This includes the use of motor vehicles, motorboats, motorized equipment, bicycles, hang gliders, wagons, carts, portage wheels, and the landing of aircraft including helicopters, unless provided for in specific legislation.</p><br>
<p>In a few areas some exceptions allowing the use of motorized equipment or mechanical transport are described in the special regulations in effect for a specific area. Contact the Forest Service office for more specific information.</p><br>
<p>These general prohibitions have been implemented for all national forest wildernesses in order to implement the provisions of the Wilderness Act of 1964. The Wilderness Act requires management of human-caused impacts and protection of the area&#39;s wilderness character to ensure that it is "unimpaired for the future use and enjoyment as wilderness." Use of the equipment listed as prohibited in wilderness is inconsistent with the provision in the Wilderness Act which mandates opportunities for solitude or primitive recreation and that wilderness is a place that is in contrast with areas where people and their works are dominant.</p><br>
<p>St. Patricks Church is a Catholic church and parish in the Archdiocese of New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. The parish was founded in 1833, and the current structure was completed in 1840. It is the second-oldest parish in New Orleans , located upriver from the French Quarter at 724 Camp Street in what is now the Central Business District. The building, a National Historic Landmark, is one of the nations earliest and finest examples of Gothic Revival architecture.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first major development in New Orleans outside of the Vieux Carré was Faubourg St. Mary, begun after 1788; the area is now the core of the Central Business District and Warehouse District. The Faubourg came to be known as the "American Quarter," as differentiated from the French Quarter. Irish immigration in the early nineteenth century brought English-speaking Catholics to the city, many of whom settled in the new commercial district of Faubourg St. Mary. The religious and linguistic demographics of the city were changing; Catholicism in New Orleans had been dominated by the Creoles, descendants of the French and Spanish settlers of the previous century. By the 1830s, a church was needed for those who did not speak French.</p><br>
<p>In 1833, Bishop Leo-Raymond de Neckere established a new parish in Faubourg St. Mary, St. Patrick&#39;s Church. Construction of a permanent church building began later in the decade and was completed in 1840. During the 1849-1851 rebuilding of St. Louis Cathedral, the church was named pro-cathedral of the diocese.</p><br>
<p>The decades after the churchs establishment saw anti-immigrant violence involving the Know Nothing Party. Father James Mullon, whose portrait hangs in the back of the church, was pastor at the time and held significant clout in the city. Many nativists feared that he and the Irish were taking control of New Orleans from the establishment. St. Patricks remained an anchor of the local Church throughout the events of the tumultuous decades that followed, including the infamous occupation of the city by Union troops under the unpopular Major General Benjamin Butler during the American Civil War. During the war, the outspoken Mullon, who had been pastor by then for decades, was accosted by Butler for refusing to preside at the funeral of a Union soldier. Mullon responded, in a moment of local lore, by apologizing and remarking that he would gladly preside at the funerals of Butler and all the Union troops.</p><br>
<p>The church building was named a National Historic Landmark in 1975. A major restoration, lasting from 1978 to 1990, preserved the structure so that the parish could continue to serve the people of New Orleans as it had for 150 years.</p><br>
<h3>Hurricane Katrina</h3><br>
<p>Located on relatively high ground near the river, St. Patrick&#39;s was not in the flood zone during and after Hurricane Katrina and did not experience significant physical damage. Its parishioners and regular churchgoers come from throughout the archdiocese and were scattered by the hurricane like everyone else.</p><br>
<p>In keeping with St. Patricks history as New Orleans second oldest parish, it and St. Louis Cathedral held the first masses in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina on Sunday, October 2, 2005. The New York Times reported the reopening of both churches, quoting one parishioner regarding the ringing of the bell in the tower, "You can call this a homecoming bell for New Orleans. We have good news we want to get out."</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>St. Patrick&#39;s is in the Gothic style, with a fairly simple exterior but a highly ornate interior. Doorways, windows, the organ, and the altar all conform to architectural design. The bell tower is 185 ft tall; some nineteenth century aerial views of New Orleans were painted from its roof. The interior of the nave is 85 ft tall. Slender columns support the fan vaulting of the ceiling, which is particularly elaborate above the altar, incorporating sixteen stained glass windows in a half-dome. Three large paintings above the altar depict, from left to right: Saint Patrick, the Transfiguration of Jesus, and Jesus Christ pulling Saint Peter from the sea.</p><br>
<p>The architect of St. Patricks Church was James H. Dakin, who designed a number of buildings in Louisiana, including the Old State Capitol in Baton Rouge. Problems related to the citys notoriously high water table drew in another prominent local architect, James Gallier, to oversee the construction.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>St. Patrick&#39;s is located on Camp Street in New Orleans, between Julia and Girod Streets. It is within walking distance of the downtown hotels and French Quarter, less than half a mile from Canal Street.</p><br>
<p>It is in the middle of what has become an arts district, with a number of small galleries and the Ogden Museum of Southern Art in the surrounding blocks.</p><br>
<h2>Tradition</h2><br>
<p>The parish has made efforts to maintain a sense of traditional reverence amid New Orleans&#39; reputation for revelry. As part of this effort, one Mass every Sunday is sung in Latin according to the 1962 Roman Missal (Tridentine Mass) as an extraordinary form of the Roman Rite.</p><br>
<p>Lake Kohangapiripiri is one of the two freshwater Pencarrow lakes in Fitzroy Bay - the other being the slightly larger Lake Kohangatera. It stands to the east of Pencarrow Head, on the eastern side of New Zealand&#39;s Wellington Harbour, in East Harbour Regional Park, and is fed by Cameron Stream which rises on private land to its north. The Pencarrow lakes formed in valleys which became blocked to the nearby sea after earthquakes changed the topography.</p><br>
<h2>Unspoiled wetlands</h2><br>
<p>Despite their proximity to Wellington, Kohangapiripiri, (a nest clinging very strongly) and Kohangatera (a nest basking in the sun) are notable as New Zealand’s last remaining relatively unspoiled wetlands. The site supports locally rare native plants, fish and wetland birds including the spotless crake and the Australian bittern. It is the only place in the area where banded dotterel nest on the open sand. The lake itself is still free of introduced brown trout and noxious water weed and supports kokopu (Galaxias argenteus) and longfinned eel (Anguilla dieffenbachii).</p><br>
<p>The native flora on the surrounding hills had been severely denuded by 150 years of settler burning and grazing but, under joint management by the New Zealand Department of Conservation and the Greater Wellington Regional Council, stock animals have been banned since 2004 and the natural vegetation has begun to recover.</p><br>
<p>The area around the lake has yielded evidence of early Maori occupation and was the site of the New Zealand&#39;s first lighthouse.</p><br>
<p>The Davis Building is a 20-story high-rise in downtown Dallas. The building rises to a height of 323 feet .</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1925 Republic National Bank was ready to open its doors. On February 15, 1926, Republic National Bank held its first open house. C.D Hill was never able to see his creation due to his death in early January 1926. Then in 1954 the bank had outgrown its space and was moved to the Republic National Bank Building at 300 North Ervay Street. Republic National Bank vacated its premises in December 1954. In June 1954, the 1309 Main St. Building was renamed after being purchased by longtime chairman Wirt Davis, Percy Davis, Charles Sammons, and H. Harrison.</p><br>
<p>In January 1967, plans for major renovation of The Davis Building announced to "modernization" of interiors and to convert the first four levels into and air-conditioned mall, and further expansion of the underground tunnel to connect with One Main Place and The Renaissance Tower.Plans never completely carried through to complete modernization.</p><br>
<p>In August 1986 lenders post The Davis Building in foreclosure for funds equaling 18.5 million dollars</p><br>
<p>In 1991 the building was used in part of the set for the movie Touch and Die featuring Martin Sheen.</p><br>
<p>Hamilton Properties then purchased the building in 1997 with plans for renovation into apartment lofts. In March 2002, construction loans finalized and new construction commenced. The cuppola was lit up for the first time in 2003 since 1954, and first occupancy was available. The newly designed 183 unit lofts in The Davis Building proved to be the only successful renovation for the building.</p><br>
<p>In May 2011, The Davis Building was purchased by The Bascom Group.</p><br>
<p>The Davis Building is a Dallas Landmark and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>The Koue Bokkeveld, meaning "Cold Buck Shrubland" in Afrikaans, is a mountain range in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. Geologically the range is composed of Cedarberg Sandstone of the Cape System.</p><br>
<h2>Location and extent</h2><br>
<p>It is located above Prince Alfred Hamlet, north of Ceres, and south and east of Citrusdal. The range runs in a WNW-ESE direction with a tall escarpment on its southern and southwestern side. Elevations of the range are an average of 1,600 m and there is often snow in winter. These heights are one of the coldest places in the Western Cape in winter.</p><br>
<h2>Drainage</h2><br>
<p>The Koue Bokkeveld falls within the Olifants/Doring system and the Doring River has its sources in this range, contributing substantially to the flow of the Olifants catchment area.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>The flora of the Koue Bokkeveld is similar to the Cedarberg flora, with mountain fynbos at high altitudes, Karoo vegetation on the lower slopes and patches of Mountain cypress. Plants such as the Oil bract conebush, a species of Leucadendron, may be found.</p><br>
<h2>Artifacts</h2><br>
<p>There are ancient San rock paintings at a place called Katbakkies. A meteorite crashed on the Koue Bokkeveld in 1838. It is known as the Koue Bokkeveld or CM2 meteorite. Its fragments were dispersed and now most of them have been lost.</p><br>
<p>Redoubt Lake, or Kunaa Shak Áayi, is a long, narrow lake on Baranof Island, near Sitka, Alaska. It is located in a glacially-carved valley in Tongass National Forest. It was named Ozero Glubokoye, meaning "deep lake", in 1809 by the Russian navigator Ivan Vasilyev.</p><br>
<p>Redoubt Lake is one of the largest meromictic lakes in North America. Its water is fresh to a depth of 330 ft, below which is a dense, saltwater layer. The lake&#39;s maximum depth is 870 ft with a mean depth of 460 ft. Its surface area covers 3,200 acres.</p><br>
<p>In the early 19th century Redoubt Lake was part of Russian America. The Russians established a small settlement near the lake&#39;s outlet known variously as Ozersk Redoubt, Ozyorsk Redoubt, The Redoubt, Seleniye Dranishnikova, or Dranishnikov Settlement. Salmon traps were set in the lake and the catch was salted and dried at Ozersk Redoubt. Between 1817 and 1832 the Russians at Sitka and Ozersk Redoubt salted an average of 20,000 salmon annually.</p><br>
<p>Fish harvests by the Russians at Redoubt Lake sometimes exceeded 50,000 sockeye salmon per year. Annual escapements possibly exceeded 100,000 sockeye. In the 1980s, sockeye escapement or returns of adult fish had declined to an average less than 10,000 annually. Some years the numbers measured in the low hundreds.</p><br>
<p>Drevviken is a lake in southern Stockholm, Sweden, shared by the four municipalities Stockholm, Haninge, Huddinge, and Tyresö.</p><br>
<p>While much of the surrounding area is used for one-family houses, the lake and the green space north of it are considered to be of great recreational and natural importance and forms part of a suggested nature reserve around lake Flaten.</p><br>
<h2>Catchment area</h2><br>
<p>Approximately two third of the catchment area is occupied by settlements, mostly one-family houses. Three major industrial areas are located within the catchment area which is mostly dominated by forests with minor open grasslands. North of the lake is a deciduous forest containing herbaceous plants and rocks covered with brushwoods and lichen. Additionally, there is a fluvio-glacial deposit with a broad irrigated marsh and a scenic pine forest; and a wetland which is the remnant of a former stream.</p><br>
<h3>Environmental influence</h3><br>
<p>Stormwater from several suburbs empties into the lake around which are three allotment-gardens. Potentially hazardous activities in the area include a petrol station, an asphalt works, concrete industry, small scale industries, and a closed stock pile covering 9 hectare containing excavated material from the demolition of a major area in central Stockholm in the 1960s. Several traffic routes and a metro track passes through the catchment area.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>During summers phytoplankton are dominated by cyanobacteria and occasionally diatoms, most commonly Aphanizomenon cf gracile but also Pseudanabaena limnetica, Planktolyngbya sp. and various species of Anabaena, of whom only Aphanizomenon is potentially poisonous and Anabaena frequently causes algal bloom. Carapace flagellates such as Ceratium hirundinella and various dinoflagellates, are few but important to the lakes biomass. Various rotifers are common zooplankton but cyclopoid copepods can also be found. An inventory of aquatic plants in the lake in 1998 resulted in a list of some 30 species, including branched bur-reed and Nuttalls waterweed (the latter introduced in Europe during the 20th century and relatively new in Sweden.)</p><br>
<p>A list of Dragonfly larvae produced in 2000 included red-eyed, variable, and blue-tailed damselflies. Sample fishing in 1997 documented a dozen species, most notably roach and zander but also northern pike, perch, eel, trout, - of which some have been introduced into the lake - and many others. The lake was struck by crayfish plague in 1950 but crayfish was reintroduced around 1970. North-east of the lake smooth newt, common frog, and common toad were documented in 1996. Noctule bats documented in the area, previously assigned the status near-threatened, are now considered least concern. Soprano pipistrelle has also been seen along the northern shore of the lake. Couples of great crested grebes and common terns are breeding by the lake together with colonies of black-headed gulls, mute swans, Canada geese, herring gulls, and lesser black-backed gulls.</p><br>
<p>Caravela is the northernmost island of the Bissagos Islands of Guinea-Bissau, it is the seat of the Sector of Caravela, the sector&#39;s population is about 10,500 in 2008. The area is 128 km, its length is 19.345 km and its width is 10 km. Its 2008 population was 4,662. The island is heavily forested with mangroves. It also has white, sandy beaches. Caravela has a small airfield.</p><br>
<p>Neighboring islands includes Carache nearly a kilometer from the island shore, Unhacomo and Unhacomozinho further south, it is 55 km south-southwest from the coastline of the mainland.</p><br>
<h2>Data and Facts</h2><br>
<p>* Area: 128 km²</p><br>
<p>* Coastline: 56 km</p><br>
<p>* Distance to next Island: 1 km</p><br>
<p>* Distance to the Coast: 37 km</p><br>
<p>* ICAO Code: GGCV</p><br>
<p>The Sailors Refuge is an historic house situated at 27–29 Queen Square, Bristol, England.</p><br>
<p>It dates from 1709–1710 and is one of the few remaining houses from the original construction of the square. It was one of the architecturally richer houses, and provides an example of what the more demanding segment of houseowners required.</p><br>
<p>It is built in an early Georgian naive Palladian style. The classical orders on the facade, though they are conventionally ordered from bottom to top, in the sequence Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, are placed so naively that they have no architectural relationship to the pediments over the windows or the cornice. The lack of any visible support for the window pediments, in the form of columns or projecting architraves, is similarly naive, and not in accord with proper architectural usage.</p><br>
<p>It has been designated by English Heritage as a grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<p>Cnoc na Péiste—often anglicised as Knocknapeasta—is a 988 m  mountain peak in County Kerry, Ireland. It is part of the Macgillycuddy&#39;s Reeks range and is the fourth highest summit in Ireland—after Carrauntoohil, Beenkeragh and Caher; which are also part of the range. It is classed as a Furth by the Scottish Mountaineering Club, which is why it is also sometimes referred to as one of the Irish Munros.</p><br>
<h2>Surroundings</h2><br>
<p>Cnoc na Péiste is the highest point on a ridge heading east from Carrauntoohil towards Purple Mountain, from which it is separated by the Gap of Dunloe. To the southwest of Cnoc na Péiste is the peak of Maolán Buí (973 m) and to the northeast is An Gunna Mhór (939 m) or "The Big Gun".</p><br>
<p>Between Cnoc na Péiste and An Gunna Mhór there are two small lakes—Loch Coimín Piast (anglicised Lough Cummeenapeasta) and Lough Googh — one on either side of the ridge. A stream called Glasheencummeennapeasta flows northwards from Lough Cummeenapeasta into Hag&#39;s Glen, where it joins the Gaddagh River. On the other side of the ridge, a stream flows southwards from Lough Googh into the Derrycarna River.</p><br>
<h2>Aircraft crash</h2><br>
<p>At about 7 am on 17 December 1943, during World War II, a United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) plane crashed into the side of Cnoc na Péiste. The plane was a Douglas C-47 or Dakota (serial number 43-30719) with five crewmen aboard. It struck the mountain just above Lough Cummeenapeasta at an altitude of about 2,000 ft—killing all five passengers. The Gardaí were not alerted to the crash until 3 February 1944, and the following day an Irish Army detachment was sent to recover the bodies. Pieces of the aircraft can still be seen on the mountainside, and a plaque was placed at the shore of the lake to commemorate the victims.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing Cnoc na Péiste</h2><br>
<p>Climbers and walkers tend to tackle all the Macgillycuddys Reeks in a single attempt, often from the north-east along the Hags Glen, since there are few other options for descent from the main ridge. The continuation of the ridge east of Cnoc na Péiste is very sharp and cannot be walked; hikers must take a route to one side of the ridge to continue on to An Gunna Mhór.</p><br>
<p>Queen Square House is an historic building situated in Queen Square, Bristol, England.</p><br>
<p>Originally constructed in 1889 to the plans of William Venn Gough, as the Port of Bristol Authority Docks Office, it is in a richly decorated Classical style with a roof in the French Empire style.</p><br>
<p>It has been designated by English Heritage as a grade II listed building.</p><br>
<p>The building Was built using terracotta made by Gibbs and Canning of Tamworth. This is recorded in the Bristol mercury of 6th May 1886 -</p><br>
<p>"The front, which is faced with buff terracotta and red brick...internally...buff terracotta, panels of pink terracotta containing symbolical figures being introduced into the dados..and the terracotta by Gibbs and Canning of Tamworth."</p><br>
<p>Flaten is a lake in southern Stockholm, Sweden, located just north of Lake Drevviken. The name is also used for the surrounding area and the nature reserve created there in 2007.</p><br>
<p>Flaten has the best water quality of all lakes around the Swedish capital and is highly popular for bathing and angling. The surrounding area is dominated by forests, with allotment-gardens and some industrial activities located north of the lake. Algal bloom occasionally occurs in spring.</p><br>
<h2>Catchment area</h2><br>
<p>The undulating wooded grounds of the catchment area are considered as of significant natural value and, through the location within a nature reserve and proximity to Stockholm, also of significant recreational value. A scenic ravine is found by the southern end of the lake while most nearby settlements are located north of it. The arrea is used for various open-air activities including walking, bathing, camping, canoeing, and fishing.</p><br>
<p>The area is a fine example of the fissure-valley landscape prevalent in the entire Stockholm County, featuring elevated flat rocks separated by valleys with oaks and spruces, some of which can be several hundreds years old. In the catchment area are also three allotment-gardens and the residential area Skarpnäck. A bathe is located on the eastern shore. The catchment area for groundwater is much larger than that for stormwater.</p><br>
<h3>Environmental influence</h3><br>
<p>In summer, when the lake is stratified, bottom layers suffer of oxygen depletion causing release of phosphorus. Treatment with aluminium chloride in 2000, however, greatly reduced the amount of leaking phosphorus. Most of the surface runoff reaching Flaten comes from a ditch (Flatendiket) stretching a kilometre to empty in the northern end of the lake where two sedimentation basins reduces the amount of pollutants reaching the lake. The ditch also receives stormwater from local settlements rich in nutrients and from the only road in the catchment area which contains metals and PAHs. Occasionally, the ditch therefore transports waste water to the lake which the available caissons mostly fails to treat properly. However, pipes from the bathe lead to a local sewage disposal plant, and, additionally, the catchment area was reduced by some 20 per cent in 1978 when stormwater from the graveyard Skogskyrkogården was guided past the lake, which decreased pollution but also increased lake retention time.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>In summers, phytoplankton algae are dominated by cyanobacteria and some carapace flagellates. Other species have been abundant, but today only a single nitrogen fixating algae is present in the lake. During winters and springs, Planktothrix agardhii adopt a red colour which occasionally colours the lake in shades of red and brown. Larger zooplankton include water fleas (Bosmina) and copepods (Daphnia); and smaller species, rotifers, seem to have increased during the later part of the 1990s. An inventory of aquatic plants in 1997 resulted in a list of 13 species, most commonly spring quillwort, awlwort, shoreweed, and needle spike-rush. The shores of Flaten are covered with bog-myrtle. Trailing plants have occasionally been abundant near the bathe.</p><br>
<p>A documentation of lake bed fauna in 1997 registered 68 species, of which fourteen were freshwater gastropods commonly found around Stockholm and five were dragonflies. Notable catches included European stream valvata (Valvata piscinalis) and duck mussel. Common fishes are perch, roach, and silver bream, with bigger variations in population for carp bream, northern pike, tench, bleak, ruffle, and zander (notwithstanding attempts to introduce the latter). Crayfish have been successfully introduced. Thirteen breeding bird pairs were documented in 1994 of which the black-throated diver is considered the most important, even though the species is sensitive to interference so breeding might be challenging. Four of five amphibians with a natural habitat in the Stockholm area are found by the lake, as were four species of bats.</p><br>
<p>Brown&#39;s Restaurant is on Queens Road, Bristol, England. It is currently occupied by the restaurant chain of the same name, Browns Restaurants.</p><br>
<p>It was built between 1867 and 1871 by Foster and Archibald Ponton. It was constructed with yellow brick with red brick decoration and limestone dressings, and has a pantile hipped roof. It is Venetian Gothic Revival style with elements of Bristol Byzantine architecture.</p><br>
<p>The building originally housed the City Museum and Library and opened in April 1872. It was damaged during the Bristol Blitz of World War II and then restored. The building was taken over in the 1940s by the University of Bristol and converted by Ralph Brentnall for use as the university refectory. It changed hands again and became a restaurant in 1992.</p><br>
<p>It has been designated by English Heritage as a grade II listed building.</p><br>
